Published since 1884 by the Society for the Study of Addiction.
Editor-in-Chief, Robert West
Editor-in-Chief, Robert West
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The alcohol industry's political activity is more varied than existing models of corporate political activity suggest; it primarily conveys its arguments through manipulating the evidence base and by promoting ineffective voluntary codes and non-regulatory initiatives.
Link to AbstractOpioid drugs continue to burden the European drug treatment system, although both new heroin entrants and injecting show declines. The European early warning system now monitors more than 450 new psychoactive substances.
Link to AbstractThe UK Public Health Responsibility Deal alcohol labelling pledge has not been fully met. Labelling information frequently falls short of best practice, with font and logos smaller than would be accepted on other products with adverse health effects.
Link to AbstractGreater off-premises outlet density is related to greater incidence of traumatic injury. Chain outlets appear to be most strongly associated with traumatic injury rates.
Link to AbstractHigher densities of alcohol outlets in an adolescent's immediate neighbourhood are related to increased likelihood of alcohol consumption. The density of licensed clubs is associated more strongly with drinking for urban than for regional adolescents.
Link to AbstractAmong primary care patients undergoing methadone treatment, risk of all-cause mortality increases following treatment cessation, and is highest in the initial 4-week period.
Link to AbstractAmericans view the problem of opioid pain reliever abuse as serious, and support nearly all policies recommended by experts to curb the epidemic.
Link to AbstractAn inexpensive and easily implemented educational intervention on risks associated with drug injection reduces significantly unsafe HIV-HCV transmission practices and injection-related complications.
Link to AbstractA new, synthesized research approach identifies promising components for every phase of smoking treatment. Many intervention components interact with one another.
Link to AbstractMotivation-phase nicotine gum and behavioral reduction counseling are promising intervention components for smokers who are initially unwilling to quit.
Link to AbstractPreparation counseling and the combination of intensive cessation in-person counseling with preparation nicotine gum or patch are promising intervention components for smoking.
Link to AbstractTwenty-six weeks of nicotine patch/gum (versus 8 weeks) and maintenance counseling provided by phone are promising intervention components for the cessation and maintenance phases of smoking treatment.
Link to AbstractMental health disorders are more likely in young adults with polysubstance use disorders than those with alcohol/cannabis use disorders.
Link to AbstractThe history of Coolmine Therapeutic Community, Ireland's first voluntary drug treatment service in 1973, reflects changing perceptions of appropriate addiction treatment and appropriate funding relationships between statutory authorities and service providers.
Link to AbstractMore parental drinking is associated with more drinking in offspring, but a causal connection has not yet been established.
Link to AbstractSmoking prevalence is higher among people enrolled in addiction treatment compared with the general population. Within that group, smoking rates are higher in people being treated for opiate dependence compared with people being treated for alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractThe computer self-administered Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test appears to be a valid way to identify substance use in primary care patients.
Link to AbstractTwin data from Finland show that monthly alcohol consumption and alcohol-induced blackouts are important factors leading to increased deaths in heavy drinkers.
Link to AbstractTrends in alcohol-attributable mortality differ according to the upper age limit used for the estimates.
Link to AbstractIncreasing parents' restrictive attitudes to youth drinking appears to reduce heavy underage drinking regardless of gender, immigrant status, parents' and peers' alcohol use and parent-youth relationship quality.
Link to AbstractUnhealthy alcohol use among Ugandan adults entering HIV care declines prior to the start of anti-retroviral therapy but rebounds with time. The alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol increases detection of unhealthy alcohol use.
Link to AbstractTaking prescription or recreational drugs for pharmacological neuroenhancement is rare among Swiss employees and students (4.0%), with mood enhancement (3.1%) more prevalent than cognitive enhancement (1.4%).
Link to AbstractPatients who receive only psychological support for opioid dependence in England appear to be at greater risk of fatal opioid poisoning than those who receive pharmacotherapy.
Link to AbstractPeople with a history of injecting drug use and chronic hepatitis C virus attending opioid substitution treatment and community health clinics adhere to, and respond to, interferon-based therapy similarly to other populations.
Link to AbstractContrary to previous reports, increased gambling losses appear to increase gambling-related harms according to a linear or r-shaped function, not a j-shaped function.
Link to AbstractMultiple Quit & Win contests appear to increase smoking abstinence rates in college students more than single contests.
Link to AbstractIn middle-income countries such as Thailand, nortriptyline and varenicline appear to provide cost-effective clinical options to help smokers quit.
Link to AbstractA new waterpipe tobacco smoking dependence scale created by adapting traditional tobacco dependence measures appears to be a valid tool for measuring dependence.
Link to AbstractFinancial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy are highly cost-effective.
Link to AbstractPeer interventions may help prevent tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents, but the evidence base is limited.
Link to AbstractEvidence to date suggests that in countries where it has been studied around 1 in 20 adults may suffer from compulsive buying.
Link to AbstractAs enforcement of drunk driving laws increases, alcohol-impaired crash fatalities decrease.
Link to AbstractThe income disparity in mortality among working-age Finns originates increasingly from alcohol-related causes of death.
Link to AbstractA programme to improve compliance with legal restrictions on serving alcohol in Bhutan had a modest effect, reducing illegal purchases from 80% to 66%.
Link to AbstractIt is likely to be cost-effective to establish at least three supervised injection facilities in Toronto, Canada and two in Ottawa, Canada.
Link to AbstractAmong female college students in the United States, being the victim of violence during a date appears to increase the risk for cannabis use the following day.
Link to AbstractInjection drug use and substance use disorders are important risk factors for death following release from prison.
Link to AbstractSelf-reported addiction to video gaming and internet use correlates better with problems associated with these activities than reports of heavy use of these products over time.
Link to AbstractHigher tobacco outlet density may increase life-time smoking among youths.
Link to AbstractE-cigarettes can deliver levels of nicotine that are comparable to or higher than typical tobacco cigarettes, with similar systemic retention, suggesting addictive potential.
Link to AbstractHaving a psychological disorder at the time of stopping smoking is a risk factor for relapse to smoking, even after more than 1 year of abstinence.
Link to AbstractBupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban) and varenicline (Chantix, Champix) appear to be effective and tolerable stop-smoking aids for adults with serious mental illnesses.
Link to AbstractBecause respiratory sinus arrhythmia appears to measure self-regulatory capacity, it may be a useful measure of underlying mechanisms in substance use disorder treatment studies.
Link to AbstractIn Australia between 2001 and 2010, alcohol-attributable death and illness increased without a corresponding increase in per capita alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractThe associations between age of first drinking and later alcohol/drug disorders appear to be partly accounted for by factors related to characteristics of the individual and family during childhood.
Link to AbstractSubstance use among adolescents in Iceland has declined steadily from 1997 to 2014, while primary prevention factors for substance use (e.g., parental monitoring, participation in organized sports) have increased in strength.
Link to AbstractThe cannabis-attributable burden of disease in Canada in 2012 included 55,813 years of life lost due to disability, caused mainly by cannabis use disorders.
Link to AbstractA 'qualitative realist' evaluation of an intervention for complex substance use disorders suggests that the programmes need to: have stakeholder input implement consistent eligibility criteria, rules and processes; and be introduced into stable treatment settings where relationships are trusting and patients and staff feel secure.
Link to AbstractUS public opinion holds that injection opioid misuse reduces quality of life more than prescription drug misuse, and methadone therapy reduces quality of life more than buprenorphine therapy.
Link to AbstractHospital-based harm reduction interventions for people who use drugs can potentially improve hospital care retention, promote patient-centered care and reduce adverse health outcomes among people who use drugs.
Link to AbstractThere are few differences in long-term outcomes between buprenorphine and methadone treatment for opioid dependence. Treatment with each medication is associated with a strong reduction in illicit opioid use.
Link to AbstractApproximately half of 8240 respondents in a Japanese internet survey were aware of e-cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products and 6.6% had tried them. Of that 6.6%, more than 70% used non-nicotine e-cigarettes, which are unregulated in Japan, and 33% used nicotine e-cigarettes, which are prohibited.
Link to AbstractA pharmacist-led multi-component stop-smoking intervention during hospital stay did not improve abstinence rates at 6 or 12 months compared with routine hospital care.
Link to AbstractIn an online survey of e-cigarette users, newer-generation e-cigarettes were perceived as more satisfactory and more effective for refraining from smoking than older models.
Link to AbstractHigher taxes, a proposed US FDA warning label for e-cigarettes, and a more severe warning label may discourage adult smokers from switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes.
Link to AbstractBrief interventions in emergency care settings appear to have very small effects on alcohol consumption. More intensive interventions show no clear benefit over briefer ones.
Link to AbstractMotivational interviewing has not been found thus far to reduce adolescent use of illicit drugs.
Link to AbstractThe Alcohol Purchase Task appears to have good construct validity but limited incremental utility in estimating risk for alcohol problems.
Link to AbstractIn Canada, screening and brief intervention via Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Derived Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) to reduce heavy alcohol consumption appears to be cost-effective at AUDIT thresholds of 8 and lower and AUDIT-C thresholds of 7 and lower.
Link to AbstractIt appears to be cost-effective to incorporate a patient's partner into a patient's motivational intervention for alcohol misuse.
Link to AbstractAdolescent alcohol use appears to increase as parental control decreases and child secrecy increases.
Link to AbstractDrinking urges during out-patient behavioral treatment for alcohol use disorders may be maintained in part by alcohol consumption. Initiating abstinence is associated with reductions in drinking urges immediately and then more gradually over time.
Link to AbstractA pilot randomized controlled trial in a syringe exchange programme did not indicate effectiveness of a strength-based case management intervention to improve attendance for treatment over referral alone.
Link to AbstractAmong patients with opioid use disorder in Iran, sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone led to a greater number of opioid-negative urine tests and better treatment retention than oral naltrexone, but did not yield significantly greater initial abstinence duration or proportions with sustained abstinence.
Link to AbstractScotland's National Naloxone Programme has been associated with a 36% reduction in opioid-related deaths in the 4 weeks following prison release.
Link to AbstractPatients who persistently use buprenorphine for 12 months have a lower risk of all-cause hospitalizations/emergency department visits.
Link to AbstractAmong opioid-maintained smokers receiving an initial period of daily contingent incentives, contingent reinforcement appears to be more effective at extending smoking abstinence than noncontingent reinforcement over 10 weeks.
Link to AbstractThe association between childhood maltreatment and alcohol and nicotine dependence may be mediated in part by development of personality disorders.
Link to AbstractAmong adolescent boys, increased conduct disorder problems appear to increase the likelihood of later substance use, and increased alcohol use appears to increase the likelihood of later anxiety problems. Developmental turning points appear to be particularly sensitive periods for developing these patterns.
Link to AbstractIn the United States, 86% of people who report ever using cannabis for medicinal purposes also use it recreationally. People who use cannabis do not commonly use it with alcohol, irrespective of recreational or medical use.
Link to AbstractNearly half of women who stop smoking during pregnancy go back to smoking soon after the baby is born.
Link to AbstractRelease from drinking-age restrictions appears to be associated with increases in alcohol-impaired driving offences among young drivers in Canada.
Link to AbstractCraving for alcohol is associated strongly with alcohol use in the following week.
Link to AbstractIn motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy, and 12-Step facilitation therapy for alcohol use disorders, the therapists who explore and connect with clients appear to be more successful at eliciting discussion about change than therapists who engage in teaching behaviour.
Link to AbstractMen and women in Sweden who grew up during a period with more restrictive alcohol policies currently drink less alcohol than those who grew up during periods with more liberal policies.
Link to AbstractUsing law enforcement to reduce the number of medical marijuana dispensaries in California appears to have reduced crime in residential areas near to, but not in, these locations.
Link to AbstractConduct disorder symptoms in early adolescence appear moderately to predict substance use in early adulthood.
Link to AbstractHighly disadvantaged smokers' views on smoking involve contradictions between feeling that smoking cessation involves personal responsibility and feeling trapped by stressful life circumstances.
Link to AbstractThere appears to be a positive association between smoking and caffeine consumption in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
Link to AbstractE-cigarettes that use tank-type atomizers appear to deliver nicotine in more consistent quantities than electronic cigarettes that use cartomizers. The protocol for testing e-cigarette nicotine delivery consistency described in this paper could be used effectively for regulatory purposes.
Link to AbstractThemes that emerge in UK vapers' views about e-cigarettes are a need for youth protection, regulation as medicines, strength of e-liquids, bans on public vaping, and concerns about the misuse of scientific evidence.
Link to AbstractCocaine and alcohol dependence appear to be associated with marked disturbances of sleep architecture.
Link to AbstractIterative categorization (IC) is a simple but rigorous and transparent technique for analysing qualitative textual data, suitable for use with inductive and deductive codes and able to support a range of common analytical approaches.
Link to AbstractThe "How to Drink Properly" ad by Drinkwise in Australia may reinforce existing drinking attitudes and behaviours among young drinkers.
Link to AbstractThe anti-epileptic and analgesic medication gabapentin appears to be misused in many countries.
Link to AbstractTake-home naloxone reduces overdose mortality and has a low rate of adverse events.
Link to AbstractAlcohol consumption in early adolescence and young adulthood appears to be mostly influenced by gender-specific shared environmental factors (e.g. rearing influences, shared friends).
Link to AbstractA high-visibility enforcement campaign targeting underage drink driving appeared to reduce both underage driving after drinking among US college students and drink driving at any age.
Link to AbstractPeople who describe themselves as less frequent drinkers appear to under-report their drinking frequency substantially.
Link to AbstractIn the USA, recruits for randomized controlled trials of substance use disorder treatments tend to have more years of education and a greater likelihood of full-time work compared with people receiving care in routine clinical settings.
Link to AbstractPeople who inject drugs and also use a broad range of substances have more injecting-related injuries and poorer health outcomes and are more likely to engage in criminal activity than other groups of people who inject drugs.
Link to AbstractIn Spain, patients who acquire HIV infection through use of injected drugs appear to have a higher risk of late presentation, delayed initiation of anti-retroviral treatment and progression to AIDS and death than patients who acquire HIV by sexual transmission.
Link to AbstractIn Mexico, people who inject drugs are at greater risk of police violence if they consider themselves in need of addiction treatment, and their police interactions are more frequent around treatment centers.
Link to AbstractProactive telephone counselling is more effective than a self-help booklet in achieving prolonged smoking abstinence for 12 months.
Link to AbstractIn the UK between 2013 and 2014, governments and tobacco control advocates frequently commented on e-cigs in UK-wide and Scottish national newspapers, most supporting e-cig regulation, but not agreeing on e-cig use in enclosed public spaces.
Link to AbstractSmoking reduction prior to a target quit date while on a smoking cessation medication may only predict subsequent abstinence when smokers are consciously attempting to reduce.
Link to AbstractIn US Veterans Administration patients using varenicline from smoking cessation prior to implementation of a 'black box' warning about neuropsychiatric side effects, the drug was not associated with an increase in hospitalization for mental health disorders compared with use of nicotine patches.
Link to AbstractDrinking guidelines and 'standard drink' definitions are inconsistent across the globe. The size of a standard drink varies by as much as 250% from country to country.
Link to AbstractTopiramate for cocaine dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Current evidence does not support the use of topiramate to improve treatment retention for cocaine use disorder.
Link to AbstractAcute cannabis intoxication is associated with a small but statistically significant increase in motor vehicle crash risk.
Link to AbstractDaily alcohol use appears to be an independent risk factor for HIV seroconversion among people who inject drugs.
Link to AbstractFemale alcoholics seem to have a higher prevalence than males of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders and tendency to drink in negative emotional situations.
Link to AbstractIn the US, people with substance or alcohol use disorders seem more willing to enter treatment in a primary care setting than in a specialty drug treatment centre.
Link to AbstractAmong adults with pain receiving addictions treatment, a psychological pain management intervention appears to reduce pain and alcohol use and improve pain-related functioning over 12 months.
Link to AbstractA universal online school-based prevention program appeared to reduce students' intentions to use new psychoactive substances (NPS) and increased knowledge about ecstasy and NPS in the short term.
Link to AbstractLonger (56-day) buprenorphine taper produces better opioid abstinence and retention outcomes than shorter (28-day) taper for opioid-dependent youth.
Link to AbstractBuprenorphine + naloxone, used in combination with naltrexone, may be associated with reductions in cocaine use among people with cocaine dependence.
Link to AbstractHigher severity problem gambling may be associated with higher neuroticism scores and lower conscientiousness and agreeableness scores in the Mini-International Personality Item Pool.
Link to AbstractSmokers with depressive symptoms or diagnosis make more quit attempts than their non-depressed counterparts but are likelier to relapse in the first month.
Link to AbstractMost people who stop smoking appear to be at no greater risk of developing symptoms of depression than if they had continued smoking.
Link to AbstractIn Britain, young adults are more likely to drink heavily both if they smoke and if they participate in tertiary education (college and university).
Link to AbstractThe putative effect of marijuana on working memory and the facilitative effect of tobacco on working memory are no longer present when used simultaneously with tobacco and alcohol, respectively.
Link to AbstractNalmefene, a drug used to treat alcohol problems, was licensed for use in the UK despite insufficient evidence to prove its effectiveness.
Link to AbstractA significant proportion of mental health professionals holds attitudes and misconceptions that may undermine the delivery of smoking cessation interventions.
Link to AbstractVarenicline appears to be significantly more effective than placebo for smoking cessation and reduction in people with severe mental illness, with no clear evidence of increased risk of psychiatric adverse events.
Link to AbstractEight types of drinking situation in Great Britain can be identified: mixed -location heavy drinking (10.4% of occasions), heavy drinking at home with a partner (9.4%), going out with friends (11.1%), get-together at someone's house (14.4%), going out for a meal (8.6%), drinking at home alone (13.6%), light drinking at home with family (12.8%) and light drinking at home with a partner (19.6%).
Link to AbstractElevated levels of emotional impulsivity (negative/positive urgency) may be what puts children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at increased risk for alcohol problems in adulthood.
Link to AbstractThe overall decline in drinking in Australia during the past decade is due mainly to less drinking among people in their teens and early twenties.
Link to AbstractSexual minority adolescents in the US appear to exhibit increased heavy episodic drinking via an indirect socialization pathway, including affiliations with substance-using peers and sexual minority-related victimization.
Link to AbstractIn heroin-related deaths in Sydney, Australia during 2013 and 2014, 6-monoacetyl morphine (6MAM) was present in the blood in <50% of cases, suggesting that in >50% of those fatalities, survival time exceeded 20-30 minutes, giving sufficient time to intervene.
Link to AbstractUsing financial incentives to increase hepatitis B vaccination completion in people who inject drugs could be a cost-effective use of health-care resources in the UK as long as the incidence remains above 1.2%.
Link to AbstractAt-risk and problem gambling may be associated with concurrent and near-term future decreases in social functioning but possibly not longer-term trajectories in social functioning.
Link to AbstractIn focus group discussions, a sample of UK adolescents exposed to particular communications about e-cigarettes supported strict regulation of e-cigarettes, including banning sales to minors and use in indoor public areas.
Link to AbstractParents who smoke whose children have asthma are more likely to quit smoking after receiving motivational smoking cessation counselling following a teachable moment, such as witnessing their child experience an asthma attack).
Link to AbstractFour common measures of nicotine dependence (number of cigarettes per day, Fagerström Test score, frequency of urges, level of expired CO) predict short-term smoking abstinence during pregnancy and at end of pregnancy with similar predictive validity.
Link to AbstractThe construct of a substance use disorder syndrome for khat using DSM-5 criteria appears valid and performs in a manner consistent with other substances of dependence.
Link to AbstractGender is poorly reported in systematic reviews of population-level interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm, hindering assessment of the effects of such policies on women versus men.
Link to AbstractThere are substantial associations between young people reporting having seen smoking imagery in films and smoking initiation, whether assessed cross-sectionally or prospectively. It is not clear whether the association is causal.
Link to AbstractPlausible effects of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States include substantially reducing the price of cannabis and increasing heavy use and some types of cannabis-related harm among existing users. In the longer term it may also increase the number of new users.
Link to AbstractDegree of adolescent exposure to alcohol marketing appears to be associated with subsequent amount of alcohol use.
Link to AbstractMore than 40% of US military veterans have a lifetime history of alcohol use disorder, usually with a substantial comorbid psychiatric burden, including elevated rates of suicidal ideation and attempts.
Link to AbstractIn Sweden, alcohol-related disorders in both mothers and fathers are associated with lower school performance in their children at age 15-16 years.
Link to AbstractFinland and Denmark had a higher alcohol-attributed disease burden than Sweden and Norway from 1990-2013. Non-fatal conditions accounted for a higher proportion of disability-adjusted life years in Norway and Sweden than Finland and Denmark.
Link to AbstractCommon genetic factors appear to explain the association between low cognitive ability and subsequent risk of substance misuse events among Swedish men.
Link to AbstractGreater alcohol and marijuana use is associated with worse functioning in high school for all youth.
Link to AbstractOpioid use disorders are the most common type of drug use disorders in Iran.
Link to AbstractMisuse of codeine combination products appears to be increasing in Australia. Limited rescheduling in 2010 failed to curb this increase.
Link to AbstractIn France, the risk of transition from cannabis initiation to daily use has remained consistently higher among less educated cannabis initiators over three generations.
Link to AbstractFor men in their early 20s, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a risk factor for continued heavier use of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis and initiating use of cannabis, stimulants, hallucinogens and sedatives, independent of conduct disorder in early adolescence.
Link to AbstractPeople with binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa are significantly more likely to be life-time smokers than healthy controls.
Link to AbstractRegular cannabis users have attentional biases towards cannabis cues that appear to be greater relative to non-users than perceptions of craving for the drug.
Link to AbstractGiving primary health-care units training, support and financial reimbursement for delivering AUDIT-C-based screening and advice to heavy drinkers increases screening for alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractThe privatization of liquor sales in Washington, USA in 2012 resulted in a significant increase in sales in bordering counties in Oregon and Idaho with little change to the amount of alcohol sales and revenue in Washington.
Link to AbstractTwo behavioral assessment tools that measure spending on alcohol, the Alcohol Purchase Task and the Alcohol-Savings Discretionary Expenditure index, appear to be reliable in assessing drinking problem severity.
Link to AbstractYoung people in secondary education in Denmark who report perceived parental alcohol problems have significantly higher odds of internalizing problems and poorer parent-child relationships compared with young people without perceived parental alcohol problems.
Link to AbstractIn clinical settings, baseline AUDIT-C scores and score increases to moderate-severe alcohol misuse at follow-up screening appear to predict higher HDL cholesterol, alcohol-related gastrointestinal hospitalizations and physical trauma.
Link to AbstractPeople who inject prescription opioids in inner-city areas of Montréal, Canada are more likely to engage in injecting-related risk behaviours and have a higher risk of hepatitis C virus infection than those who live in the suburbs.
Link to AbstractEssential/precursor chemical controls in the USA (2006) and Mexico (2007) were associated with large, extended reductions in cocaine and methamphetamine users in the USA.
Link to AbstractWomen who start using cannabis during adolescence appear to be more likely to report voluntary engagement in repeated unprotected sex than women who never use cannabis or who initiate cannabis use after adolescence.
Link to AbstractNew-onset non-medical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) is a strong risk factor for heroin initiation among HIV-infected and uninfected veterans in the United States who reported no previous history of NMUPO or illicit opioid use.
Link to AbstractE-cigarette use in the European Union appears to be largely confined to current or former smokers, while current use and nicotine use by people who have never smoked is rare.
Link to AbstractA new method of calculating the use of drug treatment estimates that between 202,168 and 232,419 Australians received alcohol and other drug treatment in 2011-12.
Link to AbstractCannabis and alcohol use are associated with higher levels of impulsivity (both), hostility (cannabis) and positive affect (alcohol) in daily life.
Link to AbstractBuprenorphine treatment of opioid use disorder during pregnancy appears to result in lower risk of preterm birth, greater birth weight and larger head circumference compared with methadone treatment, and no greater harms.
Link to AbstractCompared with satiated smokers, acutely abstinent smokers display higher delay discounting, lower response inhibition, and impaired arithmetic and recognition memory performance.
Link to AbstractCurrent US Food and Drug Administration guidance to use heavy drinking as indicative of treatment 'failure' does not to take into account substantial psychological and social improvements made by individuals who continue occasionally to drink heavily post-treatment.
Link to AbstractAdolescents and young adults in the USA appear to have higher rates of alcohol use and binge drinking onset associated with higher exposure to alcohol advertisements using a partying theme, independently of exposure to alcohol advertisements with non-party themes.
Link to AbstractNon-dependent consumers of alcohol appear to develop a behavioral preference for locations paired with alcohol consumption, more so for those who experience sedative effects from alcohol in those locations.
Link to AbstractThe non-medical use of prescription opioids, sedatives, stimulants and tranquilizers appears to peak during late adolescence. The developmental course of non-medical use is not the same among all four classes of drugs.
Link to AbstractCommunity pharmacists in Australia appear to be willing to supply naloxone but have low levels of knowledge about naloxone pharmacology and administration.
Link to AbstractWhile perceived harmfulness of marijuana use appears to be decreasing nationally among adolescents in the USA, the passage of medical marijuana laws (MML) has been associated with increases in perceived harmfulness among young adolescents and marijuana use has decreased among those who perceive marijuana to be harmful after passage of MML.
Link to AbstractAmong UK men, self-reports of problem/pathological gambling are predictive of violent behaviour after adjusting for alcohol and drug dependence, comorbid mental disorder and impulsivity.
Link to AbstractAmong smokers volunteering to smoke only very low nicotine cigarettes for 6 weeks, non-compliance was common and biochemical assessments detected more cases of non-compliance than self-report. Despite this, smokers reduced their intake of nicotine by an average of 60%.
Link to AbstractA combined student-parent smoking prevention intervention delivered via secondary schools in Berlin, Germany, did not significantly reduce regular smoking compared with a control group or a student-only intervention. The student-only intervention did not significantly reduce regular smoking compared with the control group.
Link to AbstractUse of Bayes factors when analysing data from randomized trials of interventions in addiction research can provide information allowing more precise conclusions than are typically obtained using current methods.
Link to AbstractThe introduction of plain packaging of cigarettes in Australia did not deter the introduction of new brands and variants of cigarettes.
Link to AbstractThe epidemiological literature in the past 20 years shows that cannabis use increases the risk of accidents and can produce dependence, and that there are consistent associations between regular cannabis use and poor psychosocial outcomes and mental health in adulthood.
Link to AbstractAntidepressant medication has a small overall effect in reducing depression in young patients with combined depressive and substance-use disorders, but does not appear to improve substance use outcomes.
Link to AbstractImplementation of politically palatable but ineffective state alcohol policies increased during 1999-2011 in the United States, while the most effective policies remained underused.
Link to AbstractHigher childhood alcohol expectations of positive effects predict earlier onset of problem drinking. Onset of alcohol use is followed by an increase in the rate of development of positive expectancies.
Link to AbstractThe HERMITAGE HIV risk reduction intervention does not appear to reduce sexually transmitted infections and HIV risk behaviours in Russian HIV-infected heavy drinkers compared with simply providing standard care and attention.
Link to AbstractStimulating effects of alcohol are common in Chinese male binge drinkers, as has been found in Caucasians, but alcohol appears to be less rewarding.
Link to AbstractIn the general population, co-occurring polysubstance abuse explains most of the relatively strong association between any anabolic androgenic steroid use and conviction for a violent crime.
Link to AbstractHIV infection continues to have a persistent association with mortality rates among people who inject drugs in settings with free HIV/AIDS care, although causes of death have shifted markedly from infectious and AIDS-related causes to non-AIDS-related causes.
Link to AbstractDecreases in methamphetamine purity-adjusted price along with the bimodality of crystal methamphetamine purity may account for some of the recent increase in methamphetamine-related harm in Victoria, Australia. For a given amount spent, methamphetamine purchase power has increased and the presence of extreme purity variations may challenge individuals' control of consumption.
Link to AbstractOn-site rapid hepatitis C virus and HIV testing in substance abuse treatment programs is cost-effective at a <$100,000/ quality-adjusted life year threshold in the US.
Link to AbstractWhen assessed at the general population level, female gamblers do not appear to show a telescoped disordered gambling trajectory (showing a later age at initiation of gambling but a shorter time from initiation to disorder) compared with male gamblers.
Link to AbstractIn the USA, density of tobacco outlets within 500 meters of the home residence appears to be negatively associated with smoking abstinence and pro-cessation attitudes only in poor areas.
Link to AbstractThe difference in smoking prevalence between rich and poor people is greater in more affluent countries.
Link to AbstractPlain packaging may reduce smoking rates in current smokers by reducing the extent to which the package acts as an unconscious trigger for smoking urges.
Link to AbstractMaternal smoking and low mother-child warmth may lead to alcohol, mental health and comorbid disorders at age 21.
Link to AbstractPropensity to anxiety appears to lead to alcohol problems in part through drinking to deal with negative emotions.
Link to AbstractEarly alcohol use and intoxication may be partly responsible for adult alcohol- and drug-related problems and antisocial behaviour.
Link to AbstractWomen have a higher risk of injury than men after more than three drinks.
Link to AbstractCompared with non-carriers, adolescents carrying the 5-HTTLPR low-activity allele are more susceptible to the effects of family conflict on alcohol misuse.
Link to AbstractIn the United States, the density of alcohol outlets in a county is positively correlated with alcohol-related suicide, especially among American Indians/Alaska Natives.
Link to AbstractAmong Norwegian adults in the second half of life, increased drinking frequency appears to be associated with a small reduction in usual quantity, and a small increase in frequency of drinking to intoxication.
Link to AbstractThere are distinct drug using and craving environments among urban drug users, which may provide a framework for developing real-time context-sensitive interventions
Link to AbstractWeight gain from smoking cessation is caused by an increase in muscle mass and bone density as well as an increase in fat.
Link to AbstractOn current projections, smoking will continue to kill hundreds of thousands of people in Northern Europe each year for the foreseeable future.
Link to AbstractThe introduction of varenicline in the United States coincided with a net increase in attempts to quit smoking and, among these, a net increase in use of stop-smoking medications.
Link to AbstractStimulants users are more likely to have prolonged sessions of heavy alcohol consumption and a range of risk-taking behaviours on a night out than those who do not use stimulants.
Link to AbstractPrevious studies suggest the new DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder (AUD) will increase the apparent prevalence of AUD. However, in a high-risk sample of young Swiss males, prevalence of AUD as diagnosed by DSM-5 was slightly lower than prevalence of DSM-IV diagnosis of dependence plus abuse.
Link to AbstractWhen examining the association between alcohol taxes and binge drinking, use of more specific tax measures, incorporating both volume-based taxes and value-based taxes, shows stronger associations than generic measures.
Link to AbstractThe association between educational status and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality is only driven by familial factors to a small degree.
Link to AbstractGenetic influences on alcohol problems involve genes underpinning both nervous system functioning and physiological functions outside the nervous system.
Link to AbstractAmong men in Finland, the first drunk-driving conviction constitutes a significant life event that appears to increase the likelihood of financial problems and divorce.
Link to AbstractIn a randomised controlled trial, supervised injectable heroin treatment and supervised injectable methadone treatment showed no benefit over optimized oral methadone in terms of wider drug use, crime, and physical and mental health within a 6-month period, despite achieving a greater reduction in street heroin use.
Link to AbstractProblem gamblers in Australia who seek web-based counselling comprise four distinct subgroups based on self-reported levels of readiness to change, confidence to resist the urge to gamble, and importance of change.
Link to AbstractIn Hong Kong, the risk of death from smoking appears to be the same for Chinese women as it is for men. Half of all deaths in Chinese smokers aged 65 years and older and a quarter of all deaths in Chinese smokers aged 85 years and older are caused by smoking-attributable diseases.
Link to AbstractSmokers who have tried to quit in the past year are more likely to try to quit again within 6 months regardless of whether they used a pharmacological aid, and they are more likely to re-try aids they had used previously.
Link to AbstractLow positive affect (low experience of positive feelings or emotions) for females, and high negative affect (high experience of negative feelings or emotions) for both males and females increases the risk of adolescents taking up smoking.
Link to AbstractAt least 20% of the variance in the generalized vulnerability to substance dependence is attributable to common genetic variations.
Link to AbstractExcessive alcohol consumption is associated with a substantial proportion of adolescent homicides in Johannesburg, South Africa, especially among male and older adolescent victims and in victims killed with sharp instruments over the weekends and during the evenings.
Link to AbstractIn urban settings in Norway, over-serving of alcohol in drinking establishments appears to occur frequently and increases in the presence of poor lighting, loud music and high intoxication level among patrons.
Link to AbstractIn young people, environmental factors explain beliefs about the social and behavioural consequences of alcohol use before they experience drinking for the first time whereas genetic factors explain an increasing proportion of the variance in these beliefs after drinking onset.
Link to AbstractAmong young adults in Switzerland, individual alcohol consumption appears to increase with the number of friends in the drinking group.
Link to AbstractUnsurprisingly, Australian adolescents who use multiple psychoactive drugs or who mainly use alcohol us are less likely to complete school than adolescents who do not use drugs.
Link to AbstractIn Finland, benzodiazepine use among mothers is reduced during pregnancy and the child's first year, and then increases as the child grows older. Mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric disorders are at particularly high risk of benzodiazepine use.
Link to AbstractAlthough retention rates for buprenorphine treatment have improved in New South Wales, Australia, individuals starting methadone treatment still show higher retention rates.
Link to AbstractIn England, both cannabis and tobacco use in adolescence are associated strongly with subsequent adverse educational outcomes, including low standardised test scores and leaving school with no qualifications.
Link to AbstractFirst- and second-generation electronic cigarettes appear to be similarly effective in reducing urges to smoke during abstinence, but second-generation devices appear to be more satisfying to users.
Link to AbstractIn the UK, pregnant smokers enrolled in an incentive scheme to quit smoking appeared to achieve prolonged cessation rates comparable to those reported in US trials.
Link to AbstractAdolescents in the UK who notice tobacco point-of-sale displays more often and recognise a higher number of tobacco brands appear to have an increased risk of becoming susceptible to smoking. (People who are susceptible to smoking intend to try smoking and are likely to smoke if offered a cigarette.)
Link to AbstractPopular YouTube music videos watched by a large number of British adolescents, particularly girls, include significant tobacco and alcohol content, including branding.
Link to AbstractA review of experimental studies confirms that feeling bad increases intensity of smoking.
Link to AbstractCurrent and lifetime prevalence estimates of alcohol dependence in China measure 2.2% and 3.7%, respectively, approaching those of the Netherlands, USA, and other Western countries.
Link to AbstractAbility to resist drinking when feeling bad could be what is driving the link between poorer mental health, impulsiveness and tendency to drink alone in adolescents.
Link to AbstractAdolescents who show worsening inattention symptoms as they grow older and delinquency tend to have increased levels of substance use in early adulthood.
Link to AbstractMethadone maintenance treatment patients in Wuhan, China show a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus at admission (72.1%) and a high rate of seroconversion during treatment (46.3%). Seroconversion is associated with continuing injection drug use.
Link to AbstractIn the United States, controls of chemicals critical to cocaine manufacture from 1989 to 2006 seemed to be highly effective in reducing cocaine availability.
Link to AbstractMale long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid misusers tend to experience prolonged low testosterone levels when they stop using the drugs leading to substantial effects on sexual functioning.
Link to AbstractA brief motivational interviewing intervention was more effective than a brief educational intervention in reducing some high risk drug injecting behaviours in the 6 months following the intervention.
Link to AbstractUsing the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing Internet gaming disorder (IGD), symptoms related to "giving up other activities," "tolerance" and "withdrawal" seem to be most relevant for diagnosing IGD in German students aged 13-18 years.
Link to AbstractA school-based educational intervention for secondary school students in Catalonia, Spain was not found to lead to a noticeable reduction of smoking, confirming yet again the limitations of this kind of approach.
Link to AbstractSecond-generation e-cigarettes (those involving refillable cartridges and looking less like cigarettes) seem to be more effective in reducing symptoms of nicotine withdrawal than do first-generation e-cigarettes.
Link to AbstractAmong vapor store customers in the US who use electronic nicotine delivery devices to stop smoking, vaping longer, using newer generation devices, and using non-tobacco and non-menthol flavoured e-liquid appear to be associated with higher rates of smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractA major new global report on addictive behaviour shows that the harm to society from legal drugs far outweighs the harm from illicit drugs: 240 million people have an alcohol use disorder and more than 1 billion people smoke tobacco.
Link to AbstractBoth acamprosate and naltrexone appear to reduce the risk of alcohol-dependent individuals returning to drinking.
Link to AbstractDiagnostic validity improves when using 'harmful dysfunction' diagnostic criteria compared with standard DSM criteria, partly by reducing misdiagnosis of teenage transient drinkers.
Link to AbstractAmong US college students, all drinkers exhibit greater risks for physiological problems related to alcohol use (hangover, nausea, memory loss, etc.) when drinking greater amounts of alcohol, but heavier drinkers exhibit fewer problems for each additional drink consumed than light and moderate drinkers.
Link to AbstractA 1-hour extension of alcohol outlet closing times in some of Amsterdam's nightlife areas was associated with 34% more alcohol-related injuries.
Link to AbstractAdult and youth drinking in Sweden were synchronized closely during the two last decades of the 20th century, but youth drinking developed an independent trajectory shortly before 2000.
Link to AbstractWhen more than half of all exchanged syringes in a population of injecting drug users (IDU) are contaminated by hepatitis C virus, it is most efficient to treat low-risk IDU first. Below this threshold, it is most efficient to treat high-risk IDU first.
Link to AbstractIn an 11-year follow-up of patients undergoing treatment for heroin dependence in Australia, 10.2% had died and almost half were still in treatment. The proportion still using heroin had fallen to a quarter, with major depression being a significant predictor of continued use.
Link to AbstractIn people with opiate dependence, detoxification and methadone maintenance treatment both independently reduce the immediate risk of death.
Link to AbstractExtended-release naltrexone is associated with significantly lower rates of opioid relapse among men in the United States following release from jail when compared with a no medication treatment-as-usual condition.
Link to AbstractBeing recently in receipt of substance use disorder treatment is associated with reduced chances of stopping smoking.
Link to AbstractVarenicline appears to be better at helping women stop smoking than does nicotine patch.
Link to AbstractPerson-specific cues for substance abuse (e.g. places associated with use) appear to be powerful triggers for craving and relapse and to persist for longer than more general cues relating to taking drugs.
Link to AbstractBrief interventions appear to be effective in reducing weekly alcohol consumption by hazardous and harmful drinkers at 6 and 12 month follow-up in both primary health care and emergency department trials.
Link to AbstractLower educational level is markedly associated with increased risk of alcohol-related hospitalisation among men and women in Finland.
Link to AbstractThe alcohol prevention programme Preventure appears to have little or no effect on overall prevalence of binge drinking in adolescents in the Netherlands but may reduce the development of binge drinking over time.
Link to AbstractParental histories of antisocial personality and illicit substance use disorders are associated with increased risk for cannabis use disorder onset in offspring.
Link to AbstractIn the first year of the pilot "Payment by Results for Drugs Recovery" scheme in England, linking payments to outcomes reduced the probability of completing drug misuse treatment and increased the proportion service users declining to continue with treatment.
Link to AbstractDuring a period of economic recession in Spain, heavy drinking decreased and binge drinking increased. Sporadic cannabis use increased among older unemployed men and women. Heavy use of hypnotics/sedatives increased among employed men while older women increased use irrespective of employment status.
Link to AbstractThe stimulant 4-fluoroamphetamine is increasingly popular in the Netherlands, which might be due to its subjective effects profile, which lies between amphetamine and MDMA.
Link to AbstractCases of foreign body pulmonary embolization (resulting from injecting crushed tablets meant for oral use, such as benzodiazepines and pharmaceutical opioids) in Sydney, Australia increased markedly from 1997 to 2013.
Link to AbstractIn the United States, incarceration of people who had previously stopped injecting drugs appears to be associated with an increased risk of subsequent injecting.
Link to AbstractDaily use of e-cigarettes while smoking appears to be associated with subsequent increases in rates of attempting to stop smoking and reducing smoking, but not with smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractAmong high school seniors in the United States, taking up occasional and experimental smoking increased from 1976 to 2005. Smoking uptake remained most likely to occur at age 19/20, but prevalence of uptake at older ages increased.
Link to AbstractVarenicline does a better job than placebo at getting smokers to quit after they have failed to stop smoking on their target quit date. Relapse rates from end of treatment to 52 weeks are similar in varenicline and placebo treated smokers.
Link to AbstractIntegrated cognitive behavioral therapy may improve drug-related outcomes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sufferers with substance use disorder more than drug focused counseling but probably not by reducing PTSD symptoms to a greater extent.
Link to AbstractEngland's Public Health Responsibility Deal alcohol pledges do not reflect the most effective evidence-based strategies to reduce alcohol-related harm.
Link to AbstractIn cohort studies on drug injection initiation, study participants with higher risk of starting injection drop out at a higher rate than other participants, which can produce a false impression of decline in the incidence of drug injection in studies that use long follow-up periods.
Link to AbstractAmong people treated for alcohol use disorder, being in physical pain appears to predict heavy drinking lapses during or after treatment.
Link to AbstractThere is a high degree of stability over time in the drinking patterns of German adolescents and young adults with those who are abstinent at one time being very likely to be abstinent years later, and those with risky drinking patterns maintaining those patterns over time.
Link to AbstractCocaine-related stimuli appear to decrease inhibitory control in cocaine users at short (100 and 200 ms) stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs: the amount of time between the start of one stimulus and the start of another stimulus), but not at longer (300, 400 and 500 ms) SOAs.
Link to AbstractThe number of undiagnosed hepatitis C virus-infected cases in Scotland appears to be particularly high among those who are over 35 and have injected drugs more than 1 year ago.
Link to AbstractCommunity naloxone distribution programs are capable of reaching sizeable populations of high-risk individuals and facilitating large numbers of overdose reversals.
Link to AbstractRapid transition (within one week) from first to second use of cannabis is associated with increased likelihood of subsequent daily cannabis use and abuse/dependence.
Link to AbstractIt is estimated that treatment services for opioid use prevent about 880 fatalities from overdose per year in England.
Link to AbstractHIV-positive people in methadone maintenance therapy who receive higher doses of methadone are more likely to stick with their antiretroviral therapy than those receiving lower doses.
Link to AbstractA modification of Kendler's model for major depression provides a foundation for a comprehensive developmental model of pathological gambling.
Link to AbstractE-cigarettes generate high levels of aldehydes only in 'dry puff' conditions that e-cigarette users typically detect and avoid.
Link to AbstractBrief advice from a healthcare worker, telephone helplines, automated text messaging, printed self-help materials, cytisine and nortriptyline are globally affordable healthcare interventions to promote and assist smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractThere is no clear evidence currently that brief alcohol interventions increase uptake of treatment for alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractWhen they are intoxicated with alcohol people say that they would pay more for a drink and consume more drinks if they were free.
Link to AbstractFrequent drinkers' expectations that drinking will enhance sociability or reduce tension influence their perceptions of pleasure and relief from drinking.
Link to AbstractTrends in alcohol-attributable mortality in Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Norway and Sweden clearly differed between 1980 and 2009. It appears that country-specific events simultaneously affected all age groups and cohorts in the respective countries.
Link to AbstractIn Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV-positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak.
Link to AbstractIn spontaneously reported adverse events, methadone is associated with disproportionately high reporting of cardiac arrhythmias, whereas buprenorphine is not.
Link to AbstractAmong primary care patients in the US who use illicit psychoactive drugs, abstinence but not reduction in use appears to be associated with decreased adverse drug use consequences.
Link to AbstractIn England, children's exposure to second-hand smoke has declined by approximately 80% since 1998. The proportion of children living in a home reported to be smoke-free increased from 63% in 1998 to 87.3% in 2012.
Link to AbstractAmong smokers in Florida, USA, racial/ethnic differences in distress before starting cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation were eliminated at the end of treatment, driven by improvements among African American and Hispanic people. Tackling distress through CBT may be important in eliminating racial/ethnic disparities in smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractPeople who don't respond to health surveys in Denmark have an increased risk of alcohol-, drug- and smoking-related mortality and morbidity compared with respondents.
Link to AbstractWhile more than three-quarters of US dentists report that they ask their patients about substance misuse, two-thirds do not think it is part of their professional role.
Link to AbstractSocial networks appear to be important in both promoting and preventing substance use in disadvantaged young adults in the USA.
Link to AbstractSome alcohol corporations use pink ribbons and other breast cancer-related media to help promote a product that contributes to cancer disease and early death.
Link to AbstractIn smokers trying to quit, more frequent ecological momentary assessment self-monitoring (real-time reports in subjects' natural environments) results in lower craving, anxiety, anger, hunger and positive affect.
Link to AbstractA retrospective decade-based Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) grid administered in older age provides a relatively reliable measure of alcohol consumption across the life course.
Link to AbstractLegislative reforms introduced in New South Wales, Australia between 2008 and 2012 to restrict trading hours and conditions of licensed alcohol premises may have reduced police-recorded incidences of actual bodily harm and grievous bodily harm by 31.27% and 39.70% respectively.
Link to AbstractA brief intervention delivered by community pharmacists in London, UK appears to have had no effect in reducing hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractAdolescents in affluent parts of Oslo reported higher levels of alcohol use and more frequent alcohol intoxication than did those in more disadvantaged areas.
Link to AbstractHousing First, an intervention to support recovery for homeless people who have co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders, did not reduce daily substance use compared with treatment as usual after 12 or 24 months.
Link to AbstractPrison-based opioid substitution therapy is unlikely to reduce the very high drug-related death risk in the first 2 weeks after prison release.
Link to AbstractTrained school staff can deliver personality-targeted interventions to delay marijuana use onset aong a subset of high-risk teenagers called sensation-seekers.
Link to AbstractAmong people who inject drugs, use of alcohol, sedative-hypnotics and cannabis, but not cocaine, amphetamine or opioids, appears to be associated with an increased likelihood of later attempted suicide.
Link to AbstractOpiate users in urban Scotland repeatedly report harm caused by naloxone over-antagonism, although this is not evident in observational data.
Link to AbstractWhile high motivation and determination to quit are necessary to prompt an attempt to quit smoking, demographic factors (marital status, reading level, level of social deprivation) and level of nicotine dependence are more important for maintaining abstinence.
Link to AbstractProgressively reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes may not lead smokers to quit
Link to AbstractA multi-component intervention tailored to college students and managed by a nurse is effective in helping college students quit smoking.
Link to AbstractThe alcohol industry's opposition to marketing regulation centres on claims that the industry is responsible and that self-regulation is effective. There are considerable commonalities between tobacco and alcohol industry political activity.
Link to AbstractAlcohol-attributable injuries presenting in emergency departments are higher 1) for males than females, 2) for violence-related injuries compared with other types of injury, and 3) for countries with more detrimental drinking patterns compared with those with less detrimental patterns.
Link to AbstractAn internet-based brief intervention directed at harmful alcohol use among young men led to a reduction in self-reported alcohol consumption and AUDIT scores compared with a control condition involving assessment only.
Link to AbstractStronger alcohol legislation protects against heavy alcohol use in young Swiss men, but this protective effect is lost in individuals with high levels of sensation-seeking or having an antisocial personality disorder.
Link to AbstractThe 1999 change in New Zealand's minimum purchase age for alcohol from 20 to 18 years appears to have been associated with increased drinking and associated drinking problems among 16 to 19-year-olds.
Link to AbstractMortality risk among people who inject drugs is significantly greater in time-periods after an overdose attendance than outside these time-periods.
Link to AbstractA primary-care based, clinician-delivered brief intervention with follow-up coaching calls may decrease risky psychoactive drug use.
Link to AbstractHeavy cannabis use among Swedish men in late adolescence appears to be associated with unemployment and being in need of social welfare assistance in adulthood.
Link to AbstractSelf-report findings suggest drug use in Australian nightlife is common, although still very much a minority activity. Drug swabs indicate a higher prevalence of use (20%) than self-report (9%).
Link to AbstractPrenatal second-hand tobacco smoke exposure (e.g. from smoking by the pregnant smoker's partner) appears to be a risk factor for behavioural problems at age 11.
Link to AbstractNicotine metabolism appears to be faster during pregnancy; this faster metabolism is apparent from 18 to 22 weeks of pregnancy and appears to fall by 4 weeks after childbirth.
Link to AbstractE-cigarette users with positive expectancies of e-cigs have a greater likelihood of having quit smoking but lower likelihood of intention to quit e-cigs.
Link to AbstractAdult smokers have higher extraversion, higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness personality scores than non-smokers.
Link to AbstractA population-based multi-factorial life-style intervention in Denmark had sustained beneficial effects on smoking abstinence and binge drinking 5 years after its discontinuation.
Link to AbstractImplementation strategies for alcohol screening and brief interventions should combine patient-, professional- and organizational-orientated approaches and involve mid-level health professionals as well as physicians.
Link to AbstractRegions of Perth, Australia with greater off-premises alcohol sales and numbers of on-premises alcohol outlets, particularly those with extended trading hours, appear to have higher levels of alcohol-related injuries.
Link to AbstractDrinking guidelines based solely epidemiological paradigms lack relevance for UK drinkers, who control their alcohol intake according to their own knowledge and risk perceptions derived from experience.
Link to AbstractAdditive genetic effects on DSM-IV alcohol dependence criteria overlap; there appear to be common genetic effects across alcohol dependence symptoms.
Link to AbstractIn the UK, prior to alcoholic cirrhosis diagnosis, men are more likely than women to use health-care services and have their alcohol use recorded but women are more likely to receive alcohol brief interventions.
Link to AbstractThe average tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of the most popular herbal cannabis products in the Netherlands has decreased slightly since 2005.
Link to AbstractCocaine dependence-related neuroadaptations in the brain may increase impulsivity and increase the rate of cocaine relapse.
Link to AbstractA substantial level of remission from cannabis use disorders (CUDs), including non-abstinent remission, suggests that the nature of CUDs may be more unstable than reported previously.
Link to AbstractOpioid substitution treatment given on release from prison to people with a history of opioid dependence is cost-effective in reducing mortality in the first 6 months of release.
Link to AbstractEngaging in several different types of gambling in early adulthood appears to be a risk factor for emergence of problem gambling.
Link to AbstractSmokers who have a stroke in the insular cortex are more likely to quit smoking and experience fewer and less severe withdrawal symptoms than those with strokes in other parts of the brain.
Link to AbstractIn people who stopped smoking with behavioural support, a comprehensive self-help educational programme on handling high-risk situations for return to smoking did not reduce relapse.
Link to AbstractBoth ingredient-themed and industry-themed warnings on e-cigarette television ads reduce craving and purchase intent similarly similarly but have inconsistent effects on perceived risks.
Link to AbstractAdolescents with alcohol and marijuana substance use disorders may be hypersensitive to aversive internally generated stimuli (in the form of restricted breathing), which may lead to drug-seeking behaviour.
Link to AbstractLegalizing Sunday sale of alcoholic beverages in some US states during the period 1990 to 2007 was associated with a significant increase in alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractMedication-assisted treatment programs for opiate use in low- and middle-income countries achieve an average 50% retention rate after 12 months, with little difference between those using buprenorphine or methadone.
Link to AbstractThere is modest evidence that lack of adherence to nicotine replacement therapy regimens undermines treatment effectiveness in clinical studies.
Link to AbstractAlcohol-related dysfunction rather than total alcohol consumption appears to underlie the effects of non-beverage alcohol use on loss of employment in Russia.
Link to AbstractHepatitis C virus infection is associated independently with all-cause and liver-related mortality in HIV-infected patients with alcohol problems, even when accounting for alcohol and other drug use.
Link to AbstractOf all routinely used indirect markers for chronic alcohol consumption, percentage of carbohydrate deficient transferrin (%CDT) is the major predictor of repeat drunk driving.
Link to AbstractTreatment with methadone appears to be associated with better retention in treatment for opioid dependence than buprenorphine, as does higher doses of both medications. Treatment with buprenorphine is associated with lower continued use of illicit opioids.
Link to AbstractIn a cohort of opioid-dependent people in New South Wales from 1985 to 2005, almost 9 in 10 deaths were avoidable.
Link to AbstractApproximately one-third of a sample of 18-year-olds in the United States reporting non-medical use of prescription opioids appears to continue use beyond age 18 and have elevated odds of other substance use behaviors at ages 23/24.
Link to AbstractA person's belief that he or she can abstain from cannabis use underlies at least part of the association between perceived consequences of cannabis use and actual cannabis use.
Link to AbstractFamily environment appears to play a role in whether young adults in general start to gamble for both men and women.
Link to AbstractNicotine replacement therapy may be more effective among individuals with faster CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism.
Link to AbstractThe comprehensive tobacco control programme introduced in 2009 in Taiwan, which combined smoke-free legislation with a tobacco tax increase, graphic health warning labels and a total ban on tobacco advertisements, was associated with increases in quit attempt rate and annual cessation rate.
Link to AbstractThe proportion of smokers in England with both low motivation to quit and high dependence appears to have increased between 2000 and 2010, suggesting that 'hardening' may be occurring in this smoker population.
Link to AbstractTobacco use disorder is associated with a modest increased risk of suicide.
Link to AbstractRising alcohol consumption among women and progression of higher-consuming birth cohorts through the life course are key drivers of increased per capita alcohol consumption in the United Kingdom.
Link to AbstractBalance (an automated online alcohol intervention), added to a brief online screening intervention, may aid reduction in alcohol consumption compared with the screening intervention plus an educational booklet.
Link to AbstractFrom late adolescence to mid-life, women and men in Britain are most at risk for higher levels of alcohol consumption and problem drinking when they are not involved in family roles such as intimate cohabitation, marriage and parenthood.
Link to AbstractMethamphetamine-dependent individuals show disrupted risk-related processing in the brain, which may lead to risk-taking despite experiencing negative consequences.
Link to AbstractTake-home naloxone training for family members of heroin users increases opioid overdose-related knowledge and competence.
Link to AbstractTreatment-seeking substance use disorder patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at a very high risk for additional externalizing disorders such as borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder.
Link to AbstractAmong 30 European and North American countries, developing countries and less affluent youth have assumed the former (heavier) cannabis use pattern of richer countries and more affluent youth.
Link to AbstractA modification of Kendler's risk factor model for major depression provides a foundation for a comprehensive developmental model of cannabis use and cannabis use disorders.
Link to AbstractQuetiapine misuse appears to be common in people who inject drugs in urban Australia.
Link to AbstractEarly-onset and continued tobacco use appear to predict the development of a cannabis use disorder in adolescence, whereas early onset and continued alcohol use do not.
Link to AbstractIt appears to be cost-effective to add extended cognitive behaviour therapy to standard smoking cessation treatment for older smokers.
Link to AbstractAmong Australian twins, age at first drink and age at first gambling experience are influenced by distinct unique environmental factors, and the genetic and environmental underpinnings of both phenotypes differ in men and women.
Link to AbstractAmong intimate partners, male-to-female violence is linked to drinking away from home and female-to-male violence is linked to drinking at home.
Link to AbstractCombining cognitive behaviour therapy and motivational interviewing may be beneficial in treating people with alcohol problems and depression.
Link to AbstractThe local environment in terms of bar density and enforcement practices can influence amount of heavy drinking in adolescents.
Link to AbstractMore than two in five young Australian adults suffer from alcohol problems.
Link to AbstractEthyl glucuronide, especially in fingernails, may be useful for assessing amount of alcohol use.
Link to AbstractCurrent Internet alcohol vendor practices do not prevent sales to minors.
Link to AbstractMethylphenidate treatment reduces attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and the risk for relapse to substance use in criminal offenders with ADHD and substance dependence.
Link to AbstractTrial introduction of hepatitis C care and treatment in Australian opiate substitution therapy clinics may have encouraged alternative, 'non-addict' identities to rival the stigma of 'the drug user'.
Link to AbstractPeople suffering from methamphetamine dependence appear to have dysfunctional brain reward pathways.
Link to AbstractObtaining annual estimates of population drug use by waste water analysis requires large numbers of samples (more than 50) to be taken with careful selection of sites.
Link to AbstractOpiate use in pregnancy may retard fetal growth.
Link to AbstractToxin concentrations in the vapour from major electronic cigarette brands on sale in the United Kingdom are very low.
Link to AbstractSmokers in England who try to quit are three times more likely to succeed if they see a trained advisor than if they try by themselves but there appears to be no benefit from using nicotine replacement products such as gum or patches when bought from a shop with no professional support.
Link to AbstractBanning multi-buy promotions for alcohol in Scotland did not reduce alcohol purchasing in the short term.
Link to AbstractAlmost 80,000 deaths could be directly attributed to alcohol across the Americas between 2007 and 2009. Most of the deaths were in men and were from liver disease.
Link to AbstractThe United Kingdom's news focus on youth binge drinkers may be masking the wider issue of alcohol overconsumption across the broader population.
Link to AbstractUnited States college students who show a greater neural response to pictures of alcohol subsequently show larger increases in drinking and alcohol-related problems.
Link to AbstractSupervising patients' consumption of opioid maintenance medications (buprenorphine, methadone, etc.) for longer periods doesn't appear to improve patients' opioid use or retention in treatment programs.
Link to AbstractSevere childhood physical abuse is associated with an earlier initiation into drug use. Any level of abuse is associated with more extensive polydrug use.
Link to AbstractSlow-release oral morphine appears to be at least as effective as methadone in treating people with opioid use disorder.
Link to AbstractPrimarily in relation to 'filotimo' (a Greek concept that regulates behaviour towards one's family), the desire to restore one's spoiled identity plays a pivotal role in Greek problem drug users' decisions to stop drug use and seek treatment.
Link to AbstractEnvironmental factors appear to play a greater role in the co-occurrence of problem gambling and smoking and cannabis use than the co-occurrence of problem gambling and stimulant use.
Link to AbstractSome children and young people in the United Kingdom, irrespective of socio-economic status, may actively oppose parents' smoking in the home and car, although their influence may be limited by their position in the family and social norms.
Link to AbstractFollowing Australia's 2012 policy of plain packaging and larger pictorial health warnings on cigarette and tobacco packs, smoking in outdoor areas of cafés, restaurants, and bars declined, and fewer people made their packs clearly visible on tables.
Link to AbstractInitial subjective reactions to tobacco are associated with later nicotine dependence and cannabis use/dependence while initial subjective reactions to cannabis are only associated with cannabis use/dependence. The associations are partly genetic, suggesting common biological underpinnings.
Link to AbstractChildren who are maltreated are more likely to smoke as young adolescents. Children who are neglected are more likely to drink and smoke as young adolescents.
Link to AbstractSmoking bans in restaurants and bars in the United States, South America, Europe, and Australia have on average not had a detectable adverse economic impact on the hospitality industry.
Link to AbstractHaving more bars in a given area is associated with heavier drinking outside the home.
Link to AbstractWhen mental reserves needed for self-control are reduced, men tend to drink more while women tend to drink less. Raising self-awareness may counteract this effect in men.
Link to AbstractTraining trauma center providers to screen for alcohol problems and deliver brief advice may have a modest beneficial effect on alcohol use.
Link to AbstractA motivational intervention in an inpatient substance use disorder detox ward may increase engagement in 12-Step groups and reduce substance use.
Link to AbstractDrug buyers in the UK, USA, and Australia use the Silk Road for the same reasons that many people prefer online commerce (range, quality, convenience, ratings). The appeal of the Silk Road is affected by country-specific deterrents and market characteristics.
Link to AbstractAmong adolescents in urban primary care in the United States, a computer-delivered brief intervention appeared to prevent and reduce cannabis use.
Link to AbstractThere is a dose-related increase in violent behaviour during periods of methamphetamine use that cannot be explained by presence of psychotic symptoms.
Link to AbstractIndividuals with early-onset pathological gambling (PG) are likely to be male, never married, have lower income, belong to younger cohorts, and have a lower prevalence of mood disorders but higher prevalence of cluster B personality disorders than individuals with later-onset PG.
Link to AbstractMultiple distinct CHRNB3-CHRNA6 variants are genetic risk factors for nicotine dependence but not general substance dependence in African Americans and European Americans.
Link to AbstractAt least some experienced users of electronic cigarettes appear to be able to gain as much nicotine from their products as smokers typically get from cigarettes.
Link to AbstractIntensive telephone counseling tailored to smoking parents of primary school children can help them quit smoking and promote parenting practices that protect their children from adverse effects of smoking.
Link to AbstractA history of childhood maltreatment predicts persistent adult alcohol and nicotine dependence.
Link to AbstractLarge amounts of alcohol are produced globally that go unrecorded. Because this kind of alcohol is typically cheaper than licit alcohol, it may contribute to higher rates of heavy drinking.
Link to AbstractAmong Canadian youth, two indices of alcohol use (heavy episodic drinking and overall quantity) are more strongly correlated with each other into early adulthood than other indices of alcohol use. These two indices also together account for greater variance in alcohol-related problems in emerging adulthood than either frequency or quantity alone.
Link to AbstractIncreased alcohol taxes are associated with a reduction in sexually transmitted infections, especially among subpopulations with high disease burden such as non-Hispanic black people.
Link to AbstractModerate alcohol consumption appears to produce a tendency towards increased risk taking in deciding to drive while intoxicated, which can be mitigated by monitoring processes within small (4 to 6 person) groups.
Link to AbstractThe percentage of Australians aged 14-17 who do not drink alcohol increased from almost 33% in 2001 to over 50% in 2010.
Link to AbstractData on Norwegian youths show a link between heavy episodic drinking and deliberate self-harm.
Link to AbstractSwiss men appear to settle into steady patterns of cannabis use by their early 20s. The number of symptoms of cannabis use disorder, rather than the frequency of cannabis use, predicts cannabis-related health issues.
Link to AbstractSupport for implementation of supervised drug injection facilities in Ontario, Canada increased between 2003 and 2009, but at both time-points a majority still held mixed opinions.
Link to AbstractA street-recruited group of cocaine users in Spain showed a significant reduction in cocaine use over a period of 12-24 months. High consumption of alcohol and increasing use of other psychoactive drugs decreased the probability of reducing cocaine use.
Link to AbstractAmong methamphetamine-dependent individuals, paranoia appears to occur increasingly rapidly in the course of a session of methamphetamine use. Severity of methamphetamine dependence and antisocial personality disorder predicts methamphetamine-induced paranoia. A genetic polymorphism in dopamine β-hydroxylase is associated with methamphetamine-induced paranoia.
Link to AbstractLow and/or declining parental monitoring of children between the ages of 11 and 14 is associated significantly with problem gambling when those children reach young adulthood.
Link to AbstractGovernment-funded tobacco control television advertising shown in England between 2002 and 2010 was associated with reduced smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption.
Link to AbstractThe suspension of tobacco control mass media campaigns in England in 2012 appeared to markedly reduce calls to the quitline, use of the SmokeFree website and use of booklets but not attendance at Stop Smoking Services.
Link to AbstractTime between waking and the first cigarette of the day is correlated in daily and non-daily adolescent smokers with overall nicotine, and therefore carcinogen, intake.
Link to AbstractThe association between smoking during pregnancy and offspring smoking initiation does not appear to operate through in-utero exposure to tobacco.
Link to AbstractThe inter-relationship between depression and smoking in adolescence and early adulthood seems to be due to reciprocal causal associations.
Link to AbstractThe Healthy School and Drugs programme (a Dutch school-based prevention programme for early adolescents) had no detectable effect on alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use.
Link to AbstractA higher prevalence of alcohol problem use in adolescents who are gay, lesbian or bisexual is partly explained by increased rates of depression in this group.
Link to AbstractAlcohol policies that regulate the physical availability of alcohol are associated with reduced alcohol consumption in low- and middle-income countries.
Link to AbstractComputerized brief intervention can be an effective alternative to in-person brief intervention for addressing moderate drug use in primary care.
Link to AbstractAlthough smokers of strong cannabis alter their smoking behaviour to compensate for the higher strength, they still take in more THC than smokers of lower potency cannabis.
Link to AbstractAmong young African American men, catecholamine levels (which indicate the degree of life stress) interact positively with delay discounting (the tendency to choose smaller immediate rewards over larger postponed rewards) to forecast increases in drug use.
Link to AbstractChildren under 15 who experience second-hand an extraordinary traumatic event (such as a parent or sibling being assaulted, diagnosed with cancer, or dying) appear to have approximately twice the risk of developing a drug use disorder than those who do not.
Link to AbstractProblem gamblers make poor decisions under conditions of risk and ambiguity. Strategic (e.g. sports betting, poker) and non-strategic (e.g. electronic gaming machines) problem gamblers differed in decision-making and the underlying psychological processes associated with their decisions.
Link to AbstractSmoking, alcohol and cannabis use are influenced by aggregated genetic risk factors shared among these substances.
Link to AbstractAdolescent smoking prevalence has fallen dramatically in Norway, accompanied by a smaller increase in snus use (which has many of the same risk factors as smoking but to a lesser degree).
Link to AbstractEx-smokers in Hong Kong are happier than current smokers and people who have never smoked.
Link to AbstractSmokers who quit have progressively higher levels of physical activity in the years after quitting compared with continuing smokers.
Link to AbstractTailored self-help messages delivered alongside routine smoking cessation support in primary care may increase long-term abstinence compared with routine cessation support alone.
Link to AbstractA significant proportion of betel quid users in Asian communities meet the DSM-IV criteria for dependence.
Link to AbstractThe nicotine vaccine NicVAX does not appear to improve the chances of stopping smoking when given in addition to varenicline and behavioural support.
Link to AbstractThe nicotine vaccine NicVAX appears to produce no significant effects on brain activity in response to a nicotine challenge.
Link to AbstractWe don't yet know how to identify alcohol-dependent patients who will respond well to naltrexone, although family history and the genetic mutation OPRM1 Asn40Asp seem to be promising areas of research.
Link to AbstractOn average, three to four feedback/coaching sessions over a 6-month period sustain motivational interviewing skills used for substance use disorder treatment.
Link to AbstractFor people with psychosis, the most detrimental effect of alcohol consumption appears to be its effect on mood. Some of this effect seems to be reversible through drinking reduction.
Link to AbstractOpioid substitution therapy in prison and post-release could reduce mortality risk in the immediate post-release period.
Link to AbstractOpioid dependence is a substantial contributor to the global disease burden; North America, eastern Europe and southern sub-Saharan Africa are most strongly affected.
Link to AbstractAnalysis of water in the sewage system can be used to measure total illicit drug use more quickly and regularly than national surveys, and creates estimates where such data do not exist.
Link to AbstractMale abstinent heroin misusers appear to be more influenced by heroin-related stimuli (pictures of heroin and heroin-related paraphernalia) during decision-making than men with no history of heroin misuse.
Link to AbstractDepressive symptoms prior to quitting smoking appear to be associated with negative emotions once the quit attempt has started, which decreases their belief in their ability to quit, increases their urges to smoke, and their probability of lapse back to smoking.
Link to AbstractTobacco use of any kind in adolescence is associated with higher rates of substance use disorders.
Link to AbstractAdding prize-based contingency management (where a drug-free breath or urine sample provides a chance of winning a prize) to behavioural support for substance use disorders can increase short-term abstinence, but the effect does not appear to persist to 6 months.
Link to AbstractThe decrease in youth drinking in Sweden that occurred from 2000-12 occurred at all consumption levels, which is consistent with Skog's theory of the collectivity of drinking behaviour.
Link to AbstractDrinkers at all levels of consumption appear to move in concert, both up and down the consumption scale, in Finland, Norway and the United States, as predicted by Skog's theory of the collectivity of drinking cultures.
Link to AbstractThe observation that people who drink alcohol tend to have higher levels of cognitive ability does not appear to be due to any causal association.
Link to AbstractDocumented brief intervention in the US Veterans Health Administration was not associated with changes in drinking among outpatients with unhealthy alcohol use and repeat alcohol screening.
Link to AbstractRates of opioid-related deaths are increasing rapidly in Ontario, Canada, and are concentrated among the young.
Link to AbstractMethylphenidate may reduce concurrent methamphetamine use when provided as treatment for patients undergoing behavioural support for moderate to severe methamphetamine use disorder.
Link to AbstractThe amount of time spent fixating on cocaine-related images is a sensitive and stable measure of cocaine cue attentional bias (the tendency to attend more to cocaine-related images than neutral images) in cocaine-using adults.
Link to AbstractAs suggested by the Total Consumption Theory of gambling, aggregate spending by electronic gaming machine users predicts the prevalence of gambling-related harm in gaming venues.
Link to AbstractIn adolescent smokers, cigarette consumption predicts severity of nicotine dependence as defined by DSM-IV several years later.
Link to AbstractPeople attempting to quit smoking without professional help have approximately 60% greater odds of reporting success if they use e-cigarettes than if they use willpower alone or over-the-counter nicotine replacement products.
Link to AbstractUS smokers showed very little change in their smoking status when followed between 2001 and 2005.
Link to AbstractVarenicline can aid short-term smoking abstinence in methadone-maintained smokers.
Link to AbstractFrom surveys it seems that combining 'energy drinks' (containing caffeine) with alcohol increases levels of stimulation and reduces sedation but experimental studies involving relatively low doses have so far not borne this out.
Link to AbstractCountries with stricter restrictions on alcohol advertising have a lower prevalence of hazardous drinking.
Link to AbstractAlcohol industry sponsorship of sports in the UK seems to be associated with higher levels of hazardous drinking among the university students being sponsored.
Link to AbstractThe 'yesterday method' (in which respondents are asked to report alcohol consumption the preceding day) can reduce under-reporting of alcohol consumption in telephone surveys. Using this method in a Canadian survey, younger drinkers and low-risk drinkers underestimated their alcohol consumption more than older drinkers and medium and high-risk drinkers.
Link to AbstractThere is a significant increase in alcohol-related hospital admissions around the time of people's birthdays.
Link to AbstractIn Australia, in the first year after release, Indigenous ex-prisoners are more likely to die from alcohol-related causes but less likely to die of drug-related causes than are non-Indigenous ex-prisoners.
Link to AbstractWhen using their own cannabis in a naturalistic setting, people adjust the amount they roll in joints according to concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) but not cannabidiol (CBD).
Link to AbstractIn Australia, imprisonment appears to be a risk factor for hepatitis C virus transmission.
Link to AbstractEvidence from problem gambling questionnaires suggests that it may be better viewed as a categorical construct rather than a continuous dimension.
Link to AbstractPrenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking appears to be associated with a higher probability of experimenting with drugs during adolescence.
Link to Abstract'Future orientation' does not seem to be a strong predictor of success at stopping smoking.
Link to AbstractMany smokers in the United States avoid the full impact of state excise tax on the cost of smoking by buying cartons, using generic brands and buying from Indian reservations.
Link to AbstractAfter the introduction of tobacco control policies in the Netherlands in 2003, smoking prevalence rates decreased among all adolescents, but socio-economic inequalities in adolescent smoking increased.
Link to AbstractAllowing electronic cigarettes to compete with cigarettes in the market-place might decrease smoking-related morbidity and mortality. Regulating electronic cigarettes as strictly as cigarettes is not warranted on current evidence.
Link to AbstractDoctors who smoke appear to be less likely than non-smoking or ex-smoking doctors to counsel their patients to quit but more likely to refer them to smoking cessation programmes.
Link to AbstractThe association between early age of alcohol initiation and alcohol use disorders in later life does not reflect a causal relationship, but rather is due almost entirely to common genetic risk factors.
Link to AbstractYoung people share several perspectives regarding industry-driven alcohol marketing, including imperviousness to marketing, responsiveness to price and affordability and responsiveness to marketing that focuses on youth lifestyles.
Link to AbstractA stage tailored intervention (an intervention tailored to match people's changing motivations to change) appears to be more effective than a non-stage tailored intervention for reducing alcohol use among people with high levels of drinking and low initial motivation to change.
Link to AbstractHigh levels of adult drinking and lax national alcohol control policies are associated with high levels of alcohol use among adolescents.
Link to AbstractMotivational enhancement therapy (MET) appears to increase alcohol abstinence in patients with chronic hepatitis C, alcohol use disorders and ongoing alcohol use.
Link to AbstractBupropion might reduce methamphetamine use in people who use methamphetamine less than daily, but the evidence remains inconclusive.
Link to AbstractDecreases in the price of pure heroin in the United States and increases in market concentration of Colombian-source/type heroin are associated with increased hospital admissions for heroin-related overdose.
Link to AbstractBipolar adolescents with comorbid cannabis use do not exhibit the same over-activation of the regions involved in emotional processing as seen in adolescents with bipolar disorder alone. These individuals may have a unique type of bipolar disorder or cannabis use may alter brain activation uniquely in bipolar disorder patients who use cannabis.
Link to AbstractWithin a 2-year time-frame, problematic use of computer games appears to be a less stable behaviour than reported previously and not related systematically to negative changes in the gamers' lives.
Link to AbstractMulti-line games (in which players can wager on more than one line per spin) appear to be more appealing to gaming machine ('slots') players than single-line games. Multi-line games may be particularly absorbing for people with gambling problems.
Link to AbstractDifferences in past smoking behaviour may largely explain the regional differences in all-cause mortality existing in 2008-10 in Poland, and its trends since 1991-1993.
Link to AbstractMotivational interviewing by lay counsellors to promote smoking cessation in tuberculosis patients in South Africa approximately doubled sustained smoking abstinence for at least 6 months compared with brief advice alone.
Link to AbstractAlcohol retailers in the United Kingdom appear to respond to increases in alcohol tax by undershifting their cheap products (raising prices below the level of the tax increase) and overshifting their expensive products (raising prices beyond the level of the tax increase), reducing the beneficial impact of tax policies on high-risk drinkers.
Link to AbstractAmong European adolescents, being able to name a favourite alcohol advertisement is associated with increased likelihood of initiating binge drinking in the following year.
Link to AbstractIn Estonia in 2008-09 most autopsies of people aged 25-54 showed evidence of alcohol-related pathology but the death records failed to capture the scale and nature of those pathologies.
Link to AbstractGenes appear to play a significant role in individual differences in the propensity to experience a hangover and of being resistant to hangover at a given level of alcohol use
Link to AbstractThe introduction of the Alcohol Act in Scotland in 2011 was associated with a decrease in total off-trade alcohol sales in Scotland, largely driven by reduced off-trade wine sales.
Link to AbstractA patient's decision to stop taking medications during alcohol treatment appears to happen during a weeks-long process of disengagement from treatment. Patients who discontinue medications early in treatment or without medical consultation are typically those who drink more frequently and more heavily.
Link to AbstractParticipation in methadone maintenance treatment appears to be highly protective against hepatitis C infection among illicit drug users.
Link to AbstractYears of cocaine use may be more closely related to cocaine cue and response inhibition brain activation than cocaine dependence diagnosis or amount of recent use.
Link to AbstractRecent cocaine use is associated with an increased risk for sudden cardiovascular death in people aged 15-49 years.
Link to AbstractThe use of online social networking sites is potentially addictive. Compulsive online social networking use seems to be connected to poor emotion regulation skills and heightened susceptibility to addiction more generally.
Link to AbstractFamily characteristics and expenditure on public health at a national level may play a key role in prevalence of problem gambling among adolescents in Europe.
Link to AbstractIn homeless smokers, quitting smoking may be associated with reduced alcohol consumption but not with a substantial change in other drug use.
Link to AbstractIn the United States, smoking menthol cigarettes appears to be associated with reduced success at quitting smoking, especially in African American women.
Link to AbstractBoth genetic and individual-specific environmental factors contribute to comorbidity between borderline personality features and substance use disorders. A substantial proportion of this comorbidity can be attributed to genetic variation in normal personality traits.
Link to AbstractSmoking increases number of days off work because of illness far more than previously thought.
Link to AbstractAcamprosate seems to be more effective than naltrexone in promoting alcohol abstinence. Naltrexone seems to be more effective than acamprosate in reducing heavy drinking and craving. Both medications appear to work better when participants are detoxified and abstinent when treatment begins.
Link to AbstractPeople with a history of major depression have a harder time staying off cigarettes after smoking cessation treatment than people without this history.
Link to AbstractLiving close to a bar appears to increase risky alcohol behaviour.
Link to AbstractA web-based screening and brief intervention programme reduced hazardous and harmful drinking among Māori students.
Link to AbstractU.S. states that have a monopoly over liquor sales (via state-operated alcohol stores) appear to have slightly higher liquor prices than states that sell alcohol via privately owned licensed retailers.
Link to AbstractPeople in the U.S. who are asked about their drinking during the past 12 months, rather than the past 30 days, provide higher estimates of current alcohol use. The 30-day measure may underestimate national drinking patterns and fail to identify individuals who would benefit from alcohol misuse services.
Link to AbstractAmong methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) clinics in Sichuan, China, the MMT CARE intervention, which trains MMT service providers, can improve providers\' treatment knowledge and their success with clients.
Link to AbstractIn Norway, women in opioid maintenance treatment use more prescription drugs before and during pregnancy than do women in the general population.
Link to AbstractAmong people receiving treatment for drug dependence, hospital discharge marks the start of a period of higher vulnerability to drug-related death.
Link to AbstractIn the United Kingdom between 1983 and 2007, the number of deaths associated with volatile substance abuse peaked in the early 1990s and fell to its lowest level in the mid-2000s. Age at death increased over the time period, deaths involving glues decreased, and deaths involving gas fuels rose.
Link to AbstractWhen given alongside behavioural counselling, nicotine patches may not help smokers in certain low-income countries to quit.
Link to AbstractAdolescent smokers whose bodies clear nicotine slowly smoke more cigarettes per day and show greater nicotine dependence than those with faster nicotine metabolism.
Link to AbstractRemoving brand imagery from cigarette packets may increase visual attention to health warnings among occasional and experimental adolescent smokers, but not among daily adolescent smokers.
Link to AbstractNon-smokers exposed to second-hand smoke may suffer impairment in ability to recall plans they have made.
Link to AbstractNon-drinking adolescents who watch their parents drink appear to form memory associations about alcohol, which in turn appear able to trigger them to start drinking.
Link to AbstractDespite the Supreme Court of Canada's recent support of North America\'s first supervised injection facility (Insite), additional court action may be required to establish a stable legal and policy basis for similar facilities in Canada.
Link to AbstractIndividuals who are more highly transported into stories seem to show greater attitude, belief and behavior change, which may affect how they react to tobacco use in movies.
Link to AbstractAdolescents who have poor relationships with their parents and reach puberty early may be at risk for greater substance use than adolescents who have good parental relationships and mature on time or late.
Link to AbstractCoping drinkers (people who drink to reduce negative moods) and enhancement drinkers (people who drink to increase positive moods) do not appear to form two distinct groups.
Link to AbstractWeakness in working memory, the brain function that allows us to deliberate before acting, predicts both the initiation and the escalation of alcohol use in adolescents ages 10 to 15.
Link to AbstractChildren from higher-income households in England appear to be at greater risk of some types of adolescent alcohol problems than children in lower-income households.
Link to AbstractIn Germany, there appears to be an increase in use of some extremely potent synthetic cannabinoids. Acute toxic symptoms associated with their use include agitation, seizures, hypertension, vomiting, and low blood potassium.
Link to AbstractIn Colorado, USA, drugs associated with homicide (marijuana, cocaine and amphetamines) have a stronger association among males, while drugs associated with suicide (antidepressants and opiates) have a stronger association among females.
Link to AbstractWhile the peak holiday season in Australia is perceived as a period of increased drug use, the increase in use is not uniform for all drugs and geographical areas.
Link to AbstractPeople in opioid maintenance treatment may have trouble reading social situations and recognising other people's emotions.
Link to AbstractPathological gambling can be diagnosed without requiring the patient to have committed illegal acts. Thus reducing the threshold for diagnosis from five to four criteria results in more consistent diagnoses relative to the current classification system.
Link to AbstractCompared with non-pathological gamblers, pathological gamblers have more gamblers, smokers and drinkers in their social networks, and have closer relationships with other gamblers. These social networks may reinforce addictive behaviour.
Link to AbstractGaming addiction does not appear to be widespread among adolescents and adults in Germany.
Link to AbstractIn the Netherlands, providing stop-smoking treatments for free seems to get more people to try to quit smoking and improves public health.
Link to AbstractAt levels of low tobacco dependence, black smokers seem to take in more nicotine and carcinogens per individual cigarette than white smokers.
Link to AbstractSmokers interested in quitting who are assigned to an internet- or mobile phone-based quit-smoking program may be more likely to quit for at least 6 months than those directed to an information website.
Link to AbstractSwedish adolescents with low status among peers are more likely to become smokers by the time they reach adulthood.
Link to AbstractAmong adolescents in the USA, smokers tend to date and make friends with other smokers.
Link to AbstractFrom studies available in the literature, use of prescribed opioid medications for chronic pain conditions appears only rarely to be associated with development of addiction.
Link to AbstractIn Melbourne, acute alcohol intoxication cases requiring ambulance, emergency department and hospital in-patient treatment increase substantially on the day before public holidays and other major social events.
Link to AbstractAmong US adults, factors associated with giving up drinking appear to change over the life course.
Link to AbstractAmong rural women in South Africa, a motivational interviewing intervention reduced the risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancy through risky drinking, ineffective contraception, or both.
Link to AbstractCannabis use predicts psychosis vulnerability among Dutch adolescents, and vice versa.
Link to AbstractIn Scotland, injection drug use in adults is associated strongly with markers of prior childhood adversity, particularly not living with both parents as well as early conduct problems such as exclusion from school and criminal behaviour.
Link to AbstractCompared with placebo, aripiprazole does not significantly reduce methamphetamine use among actively using, methamphetamine-dependent adults in the USA.
Link to AbstractIn the Irish health service, decreasing methadone doses for pregnant, opioid-dependent women does not appear to reduce neonatal abstinence syndrome in their babies.
Link to AbstractEphedrone patients may have similar deficits in information gathering and decision making to opiate dependent patients, with no corresponding deficits in working memory and risk taking.
Link to AbstractAmong urban male youth in Maryland, USA, development in impulsivity is associated strongly with problem and at-risk gambling in adolescence.
Link to AbstractIn the USA, three subtypes of disordered gambling can be identified, ranging from low to high levels of gambling severity and psychopathology.
Link to AbstractIn low- and middle-income countries, a 10% increase in gross domestic product per capita appears to increase the odds of a young person being a current smoker by at least 2.5%.
Link to AbstractESCAPE, a brief, tailored stop-smoking intervention delivered by post in the UK, appears to increase the rate at which smokers try to quit but abstinence rates do not seem to be increased.
Link to AbstractIn the UK, graphic imagery on cigarette packets increases the attention paid to the accompanying text message about health risks.
Link to AbstractWe are moving to a phase in the science of addiction where it is not enough to know whether an intervention is effective; it is essential to be able to identify its ingredients to build our understanding of why it works or does not so that its generalisability can be assessed and interventions can be improved upon
Link to AbstractIn New Zealand, the adoption of local policies to reduce alcohol-related harm can be helped by 1) competitive local government elections around alcohol issues, 2) preventing 'gate-keepers' from setting the policy agenda, and 3) fewer legislative restrictions by central government.
Link to AbstractCellphone technology may be useful for applying contingency management (which uses tangible incentives to reinforce abstinence) to treatment for alcohol problems.
Link to AbstractAbout 40% of the world\'s adult population consumes alcohol, and the average consumption per drinker is 17.1 litres per year. Eastern Europe and Southern sub-Saharan Africa had the most detrimental pattern of drinking scores in 2005, while drinkers in Eastern and Central Europe and Southern and West sub-Saharan Africa consumed the most alcohol.
Link to AbstractUndiagnosed attention deficit disorder may be common in psychostimulant users.
Link to AbstractPeer-based social network interventions can change injection drug users' injection risk behaviours.
Link to AbstractMisuse of midazolam, a benzodiazepine often used as a premedication for sedation, is increasing among injecting drug users in Bangkok and appears to be used primarily as a substitute for heroin.
Link to AbstractThere does not appear to be a link between low levels of D2/D3 dopamine receptors and pathological gambling.
Link to AbstractAdding the antidepressant nortriptyline to stop-smoking behavioural support and nicotine replacement therapy does not appear to improve long-term abstinence rates in male prisoners.
Link to AbstractNicotine gum enhances some aspects of cognitive performance in smokers who have abstained for as little as 2 hours.
Link to AbstractReminding smokers to think about health, even just in general terms, may help them improve self-control and smoke fewer cigarettes.
Link to AbstractA history of childhood sexual abuse is a risk factor for use of cigarettes and cannabis and a very strong predictor of starting to drink at an early age.
Link to AbstractIn the USA, men born between 1976 and 1985, and women born between 1981 and 1985 drink more heavily than those born earlier or later.
Link to AbstractIn Norway and Sweden, as the total population level of alcohol consumption increases or decreases, so does drink driving.
Link to AbstractIn British Columbia, Canada, between 2002 and 2009, increases in the minimum price of alcohol were associated with decreased alcohol-attributable mortality, while increases in the density of private liquor stores was associated with increased alcohol-attributable mortality.
Link to AbstractMarked decreases in HIV and HCV incidence in Amsterdam since 1990 could be attributable largely to changes in the population of injecting drug users arising from HIV-related deaths.
Link to AbstractFor depressed, cannabis-dependent patients, the extended release form of the antidepressant venlafaxine does not appear to reduce depression and may increase cannabis use.
Link to AbstractTamper-resistant forms of taptentadol (pain relief) tablets do not appear to be well-liked by people who tamper regularly with extended-release oxycodone tablets.
Link to AbstractSome inhalant abusers experience severe and persistent neurological impairments, suggesting permanent damage possibly attributable to lead poisoning.
Link to AbstractE-cigarettes are used primarily for smoking cessation, but for a longer duration than nicotine replacement therapy, and users believe them to be safer than smoking.
Link to AbstractMost veterans in Veterans Health Administration substance use disorders residential treatment programs appear to use tobacco, yet only one in ten receives a documented ICD-9 tobacco dependence diagnosis and pharmacotherapy while in treatment.
Link to AbstractAdding motivational interviewing counselling to nicotine patches does not significantly increase smoking rates among homeless smokers at 26-week follow-up.
Link to AbstractClinic-level coaching appears to improve waiting time and increase the number of new patients in outpatient addiction clinics in the United States.
Link to AbstractQuestionnaires assessing internet addiction should cover compulsive use, negative outcome and salience.
Link to AbstractHong Kong's current anti-drink driving strategy appears to reduce drink driving in men and prevent increased levels of drink driving among women.
Link to AbstractFor alcohol-dependent HIV patients, enhancing motivational interviewing with HealthCall (an automated telephone service that provides personalized feedback) may offer additional benefit without requiring extensive additional staff.
Link to AbstractValue-based decision-making (making decisions based on subjective desires or beliefs) may be a more important determinant of drinking behaviour among student social drinkers than attentional bias (the tendency to pay attention to emotionally dominant stimuli).
Link to AbstractIn France, in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C, self-reported alcohol abuse seems to provide a better predictor of HIV viral rebound than physicians' perceptions of alcohol abuse in their patients.
Link to AbstractSubstance use is frequent and associated with poor recovery in patients with serious mental illness recently discharged from psychiatric hospitalization. Addiction treatments personalized by diagnosis and gender may improve outcomes.
Link to AbstractAmong heroin injectors in British Columbia, a 2011 overdose warning campaign appeared to be of limited effectiveness and produced unintended negative consequences that exacerbated overdose risk.
Link to AbstractMethylphenidate may improve retention of amphetamine/methamphetamine users in substance misuse treatment but any effect on substance misuse remains unproven.
Link to AbstractThere is a long-term risk of cardiac dysfunction following chronic illicit opioid abuse.
Link to AbstractThe low incidence of hepatitis C virus infections in Scottish prisons is probably due to the low occurrence of in-prison injecting and the high coverage of opiate substitution treatment.
Link to AbstractIn Sweden, downward social mobility and economic stress in both childhood and adulthood appear to be risk factors for smoking over the life-course.
Link to AbstractThe tobacco industry in the United Kingdom keeps the price of its cheapest cigarettes virtually static despite annual increases in tobacco taxes, circumventing the UK's public health policy to reduce smoking through higher prices.
Link to AbstractMale youths in the United States who are rebellious, thrill-seeking and follow their friends' leads appear to be much more likely to start using smokeless tobacco than other male youths.
Link to AbstractCompared with bupropion use, varenicline use does not significantly increase the risk of psychiatric adverse events such as psychotic symptoms, hostility, homicidal ideation, or suicide attempt.
Link to AbstractMen with a history of hazaradous drinking and violence against their intimate partner who receive a combined batterer and alcohol intervention show temporary reductions in drinking and violence.
Link to AbstractIn Tomsk Oblast, Russia, tuberculosis patients with severe alcohol use disorders and past attempts to quit drinking show improved tuberculosis outcomes when alcohol interventions are integrated into tuberculosis care.
Link to AbstractIndividuals with severe coexisting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorders (AUD) can benefit from cognitive behaviour therapy targeting AUD, with greater benefits associated with exposure for PTSD.
Link to AbstractIn Sydney, Australia, middle-aged men with long histories of alcohol problems are at greatest risk of unnatural deaths involving very high blood alcohol levels.
Link to AbstractChildren of deployed military personnel are at higher risk for substance use than children of non-military citizens.
Link to AbstractFatal single-vehicle crashes involving drugs are less common than those involving alcohol. The characteristics of drug-involved crashes differ depending upon drug class and whether alcohol is present.
Link to AbstractSwedish children who fail at school and have a low socio-economic status are more likely to engage in illicit drug abuse as youths and young adults.
Link to AbstractAn apparently decreasing trend in both cannabis and cocaine use in Spain from 2000 disappears when the rates are standardized to account for changes in the age structure of the population.
Link to AbstractDependent frequent cannabis users have worse mental health than both non-dependent frequent cannabis users and the general population.
Link to AbstractMore than half of the Parties to the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control have not yet developed national tobacco treatment guidelines.
Link to AbstractMost Parties to the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, especially low- and middle-income countries, have not yet developed national tobacco treatment services.
Link to AbstractThe total proportion of smokers with poor mental health who are prescribed a smoking cessation medication is low: one in ten is prescribed a smoking cessation medication and only half are advised to quit.
Link to AbstractSmokers in the same behavioural support programme who use varenicline appear more likely to achieve long-term abstinence than those using nicotine replacement therapy.
Link to AbstractChildren diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are at risk for psychoactive substance use disorder and nicotine dependence in adolescence.
Link to AbstractMortality in people with alcohol use disorder is markedly higher than thought previously. Women, younger people, and people undergoing treatment for the condition have higher mortality risks than other people with alcohol use disorders.
Link to AbstractAmong Russians, blood concentration of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin is a better biomarker for detecting ethanol consumption above 40 g/day than blood concentration of gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, or aspartate aminotransferase, or mean cell volume of erythrocytes.
Link to AbstractBased on data from 1997-2007, removing minimum legal drinking age restrictions in Canada would likely cause substantial increases in hospital admissions among young adults for alcohol-use disorders/poisoning and other serious injuries, especially among men.
Link to AbstractIn Switzerland, alcohol-related mortality is associated with the density of alcohol outlets around the place of residence.
Link to AbstractAlthough the theory of collective drinking predicts that alcohol consumption patterns in African countries will differ from industrialized countries, in fact African alcohol consumption shows the same distribution patterns as industrialized countries.
Link to AbstractHomeless young people in the United States are more likely to drink or use drugs when they are with peers who engage in multiple risk behaviours (e.g., drug use plus risky sex; intoxication plus risky sex) and who occupy influential social roles (e.g., popular people, opinion leaders, support providers, sex partners).
Link to AbstractDuring a 1-year open-label extension phase of injectable intramuscular injectable extended-release naltrexone for the prevention of relapse in opioid dependence, 62.3% of patients stayed in the program for the full year and 50.9% were abstinent from opioids.
Link to AbstractThe use of ecstasy appears to be associated with the use of sleeping medications, but this association can be accounted for by other factors, suggesting that the extent of sleep disruption for ecstasy users is not severe.
Link to AbstractIn the USA, anticipated positive effects of cannabis use appear to be strongly linked to cannabis use and failure to quit.
Link to AbstractConsumer research by the tobacco industry between 1973 and 2002 found that variations in packaging shape, size and opening method could influence brand appeal and risk perceptions and thereby increase cigarette sales.
Link to AbstractThe nicotine content of electronic cigarette refill bottles is close to what is stated on the label. Impurities detectable in several brands are below the level where they are likely to cause harm.
Link to AbstractAmong smokers in England, those under 30 and over 50 years of age seem to have higher quit rates than middle-aged smokers, women seem to have higher quit rates than men, and young adults in higher social grades seem to have higher quit rates than those in lower social grades.
Link to AbstractCochrane Reviews are a gold standard in establishing what works in clinical practice. Reviews published in 2012 found good evidence that behavioural interventions improve smokers' chances of stopping over and above use of stop-smoking medicines; that cytisine is effective in helping smokers to stop; that automated text messaging programmes can help smokers to stop and that training health professionals in smoking cessation improves their effectiveness in encouraging smokers to stop.
Link to AbstractStreet children from resource-constrained settings report high life-time substance use. Inhalants are the predominant substances used, followed by tobacco, alcohol and marijuana.
Link to AbstractCombining naltrexone with a behavioral intervention to treat alcoholism may not be more beneficial than either therapy on its own because craving reduction is a common mechanism of both.
Link to AbstractAmong young adults in Switzerland, heavy weekend drinking and the related consequences seem to result from the combination of pre-drinking, level of negative reinforcement drinking for women (drinking to fit in or forget problems) and positive reinforcement drinking for men (drinking to be sociable or have fun).
Link to AbstractSelective attention to alcohol (automatically orientating towards alcohol-related information over other stimuli) and an approach-alcohol action tendency (an automatic inclination to approach and consume alcohol) appear to be distinct mechanisms that contribute independently to difficulty regulating alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractDSM-IV criteria for substance dependence seem to be equally appropriate for describing substance dependence across clinical and community samples.
Link to AbstractHIV-infected Russian drinkers who report pain are more likely to use heroin over time than HIV-infected Russian drinkers who do not report pain.
Link to AbstractThere remains no clear evidence that cognitive behavioural therapy and contingency management reduce opiate use when added to buprenorphine and medical management in opiate users seeking treatment.
Link to AbstractSelf-report measures relating to cannabis use are at best weakly associated with objective measures. Of the self-report measures, number of joints per gram, cannabis price and subjective potency have at least some validity.
Link to AbstractIn Australia, young adults appear to start using ecstasy mainly because of social environmental factors (ecstasy-using social contacts and attendance at dance music events), and less as a result of psychological distress and early cannabis use.
Link to AbstractVariants in the gene cluster CHRNA5-A3-B4 alter nicotine intake and body mass index in a population of Alaska Native people with a distinct haplotype structure, smoking behaviors, and prevalence of obesity.
Link to AbstractThe comprehensive tobacco control programme introduced in Taiwan in 2009 was associated with a reduction in adolescent smoking, particularly among adolescents in earlier stages of smoking and those living in non-urban areas.
Link to AbstractNaltrexone taken in the week before an attempt to quit smoking reduces cigarette consumption, urges to smoke and alcohol consumption relative to placebo.
Link to AbstractAdolescents who believe they are more advanced in puberty than their peers are more likely to have used cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana recently than adolescents who believe they are on-time or late developing.
Link to AbstractKhat users who smoke cigarettes have a lower rate of verbal learning and delayed recall of previously learned verbal material than khat users who do not smoke cigarettes.
Link to AbstractHazardous drinking substantially increases the risk of suicide among working-age Russian males, with nearly half of all suicides attributed to this drinking pattern.
Link to AbstractCampaigning by some parts of the alcohol industry appears to have been instrumental in the Australian Government's decision to delay the introduction of mandatory alcohol health warning labels.
Link to AbstractAmong working-aged male adults in Russia, hazardous patterns of alcohol drinking are associated with poorer self-reported physical and mental health. Physical health appears to be lower in those reporting complete abstinence compared with those drinking 10-19 litres per year.
Link to AbstractSeveral measures of impulsivity predict escalation in alcohol involvement (consumption, drunkenness and problems) in young adolescents, but alcohol use does not appear to alter impulsivity.
Link to AbstractAmong adolescents, parental disapproval of alcohol use before transition to high school, low school commitment at transition to high school, and sibling and peer alcohol use during adolescence are associated with a higher risk of steep escalations in alcohol use.
Link to AbstractOn-site and integrated psychiatric and substance misuse services in a methadone treatment setting might produce better psychiatric outcomes than off-site and non-integrated substance misuse and psychiatric care.
Link to AbstractIn Norway, patients receiving opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) have reduced convictions for driving under the influence (DUI) compared with their pre-treatment levels. Being male and having a previous history of several convictions for DUI are important risk factors for convictions for DUI during OMT.
Link to AbstractAssessing days abstinent during 1 week of use of medication versus placebo in a cross-over design could be a useful early Phase 2 clinical trial study design for assessing usefulness of medications that aid smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractCompared with non-smokers, smokers show increased brain activity when resisting immediately rewarding stimuli and may be less sensitive to punishment as a strategy to increase control over rewarding stimuli.
Link to AbstractSmoking cessation does not appear to be associated with a substantial short-term increase or decrease in health-care use.
Link to AbstractHigh nicotine dependence is associated with lower quality of life, lower work productivity and higher health-care use.
Link to AbstractBetween 2004 and 2010 only a small proportion of tobacco control advertisements in England used the most effective strategies: negative health effects messages and testimonials from real-life smokers.
Link to AbstractAmong patients in US health centers, a history of homelessness doubles the odds of being a current smoker. But homeless smokers do not differ from non-homeless smokers in their desire to quit.
Link to AbstractNorwegians who use snus extensively have a mixed profile of cardiovascular risk: slightly higher waist circumference and systolic blood pressure but also higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.
Link to AbstractLaboratory studies indicate that adverse emotional states increase craving to smoke among dependent smokers, but positive emotional states do not consistently reduce craving to smoke.
Link to AbstractGreater availability of convenience stores near a school is associated with an increased risk of alcohol use among adolescents over the previous 6 months.
Link to AbstractOnly a minority of people in the Netherlands with alcohol use disorder as defined by DSM-5 still have the disorder 3 years later. Risk factors for persistence of alcohol use disorder include younger age, a higher number of weekly drinks and a comorbid anxiety disorder. A substantial number of people recently in diagnostic remission still drink above the maximum recommended level.
Link to AbstractThe social context in which drinking occurs appears to play a role in violence against partners, with male violence being linked to drinking away from home and female violence being linked to drinking at home.
Link to AbstractThe implementation of the suite of 2006 Russian alcohol control policies is partially responsible for saving more than 2400 male lives annually that would otherwise have been lost to traffic accidents.
Link to AbstractTiming is significant in the relationship between psychiatric symptoms and substance use onset in childhood and adolescence, and the psychiatric predictors of onset are substance-specific.
Link to AbstractMaternal smoking and cannabis use, early material disadvantage and early-onset persistent conduct problems are important risk factors for adolescent problem cannabis use.
Link to AbstractCompared with placebo, buprenorphine implants result in significantly less frequent opioid use and are at least as effective as sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone tablets.
Link to AbstractAmong opioid-dependent people in Australia, a minority account for the majority of the criminal justice contact. Levels of offending are not consistent over time, sex or age.
Link to AbstractRecovery Management Checkups are a cost-effective and potentially cost-saving strategy for promoting abstinence and reducing substance use-related problems among chronic substance users.
Link to AbstractImpaired eye-tracking skills in 4-year-old children exposed to methadone or buprenorphine and tobacco prenatally could inhibit the development of some cognitive functions in later life.
Link to AbstractFull health insurance coverage for smoking cessation treatment in the Netherlands was accompanied by a significant increase in the number of dispensed prescriptions of stop-smoking medication and a decrease in smoking prevalence.
Link to AbstractThere is no difference in smoking cessation effectiveness among bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy and their combination when used with behavioural support in clinical practice. There is some evidence that bupropion is more beneficial than nicotine replacement therapy for smokers with a history of depression.
Link to AbstractA score based on functional polymorphisms relating to dopamine pathways appears to predict lapse to smoking following a quit attempt. That association is reduced in smokers using bupropion.
Link to AbstractNational strategies to reduce illicit tobacco may have limited impact in communities during a recession and where illicit trade is part of the local culture and economy. It may be possible to reduce illicit tobacco use by building on cultural unease about selling to children.
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