Published since 1884 by the Society for the Study of Addiction.
Editor-in-Chief, Robert West
Editor-in-Chief, Robert West
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Mecamylamine did not reduce alcohol consumption significantly in either treatment-seeking smokers or non-smokers with alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractConduct disorder and self-harming impulsivity are the foremost risk traits for alcohol use disorder among the 80 personality disorder criteria of DSM-IV.
Link to AbstractThere is a strong association between serious economic problems in adult life and risk of alcohol use disorders.
Link to AbstractAmong UK civil servants, alcohol consumption within baseline drinking categories is generally stable during the life-course, except among heavier baseline drinkers, for whom intakes decline with increasing age.
Link to AbstractIn the US, childhood trauma (individual types and total number experienced) is significantly associated with marijuana and cocaine use throughout life.
Link to AbstractThe severity of symptoms in people attending US emergency departments because of prescription opioid overdose varied widely with the type of opioid and was worse in substance misusers and older patients.
Link to AbstractIn the US, self-identified chronic pain patients (CPP) at higher risk for opioid misuse are more likely to report willingness to try a novel analgesic despite increasing addiction risk than CPP with low risk of opioid misuse.
Link to AbstractIn Scotland, uptake of hepatitis B virus vaccination among people in the community who inject drugs has increased since the 1999 introduction of universal prison vaccination.
Link to AbstractIn Finland, men spend more than women on gambling relative to net income. Those on lower incomes spend proportionately more of their income on gambling than those on higher incomes.
Link to AbstractAmong smokers who do not seek treatment to help them stop, those who succeed in stopping appear to have a lower tendency to act on impulse and inhibit thoughts than those who continue to smoke.
Link to AbstractAmong US adults, interest in using a hypothetical modified risk tobacco product is low overall, and highest among current experimental and established smokers.
Link to AbstractLife-time healthcare costs of German smokers appear to be substantially greater than those of German nonsmokers.
Link to AbstractHousing First programmes in Canada for people who are experiencing homelessness and mental illness are equally effective in people with and without comorbid substance use disorder (SUD).
Link to AbstractCoffee-related genetic risk scores could be used as instrumental variables indexing combined coffee and tea consumption in Mendelian randomization studies.
Link to AbstractThe number of symptoms related to high alcohol intake and smoking appears to account for the positive association between alcohol consumption and early death.
Link to AbstractTo decrease hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence and prevalence in rural Indiana, USA, by 90% by 2025/30, both HCV treatment and prevention interventions must be increased.
Link to AbstractEvidence is inconclusive for using nalmefene, naltrexone, acamprosate, baclofen or topiramate to control drinking in patients with alcohol dependence or alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractScientists who find non-significant results should calculate a Bayes factor to determine if there is evidence for a null hypothesis over an alternative hypothesis or that more data are needed.
Link to AbstractAlcohol consumption in France appears to cause almost 8% of new cancer cases, with light and moderate drinking contributing appreciably to this burden.
Link to AbstractAdolescent cannabis use does not cause a decline in IQ, even when that use reaches dependence.
Link to AbstractExtended-release naltrexone does not appear to reduce methamphetamine use or sexual risk behaviors among methamphetamine-dependent men who have sex with men.
Link to AbstractDrug addiction recovery services in England commissioned on a payment-by-results basis tend to have lower rates of treatment initiation and completion but higher rates of in-treatment abstinence and non-injecting than other services.
Link to AbstractIn the Netherlands, moderate- to high-risk gamblers appear to have a stronger tendency than non-problem gamblers to show an 'approach' tendency in a laboratory task to gambling-related pictures compared with neutral pictures. This gambling approach bias has been found to predict persistence in gambling behaviour over time.
Link to AbstractDepressed smokers experience more exposure to stress, longer-lasting post-stress affective disturbance and greater risk of smoking relapse after stress than non-depressed smokers.
Link to AbstractIn English stop-smoking services, the advantage of varenicline over nicotine replacement therapy is lower in pharmacy and GP settings than in specialist clinics.
Link to AbstractE-cigarette use among young adults is not significantly associated with later conventional smoking, either directly or through nicotine dependence.
Link to AbstractParental alcohol use disorders and parental separation predict increased risk of early alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use and sexual debut in offspring from high-risk families.
Link to AbstractIf the World Health Organization's web-based self-help program, Alcohol e-Health, is found to be effective, its potential public health impact in countries with underdeveloped alcohol prevention and alcohol use disorder treatment systems is considerable.
Link to AbstractA proposed complex systems paradigm for research into alcohol misuse can transcend limitations of traditional approaches and lead to high-leverage preventive interventions.
Link to AbstractCommunity-based system dynamics modeling can provide powerful tools for policy and intervention decisions in alcohol misuse prevention.
Link to AbstractMeasuring recovery from problem gambling needs to go beyond assessing gambling behaviour to encompass other aspects of people's wellbeing and functioning.
Link to AbstractThe October 2011 implementation of the Alcohol Act in Scotland was not clearly associated with a reduction in alcohol-related deaths or hospital admissions in the 3-year period after implementation.
Link to AbstractA brief, longitudinally delivered, developmentally based motivational intervention for young adults did not produce reductions in binge alcohol, marijuana use or dual use days relative to a control condition.
Link to AbstractThe decline in cannabis use in Australia from 2001 to 2013 occurred largely among higher socio-economic status groups.
Link to AbstractNon-prescribed psychoactive drugs are commonly found at postmortem in drug poisoning deaths in Finland, with history of drug abuse being a major contributing factor.
Link to AbstractMarijuana use in the US has risen steeply since 2005, but not because of the liberalization of marijuana policies in some states.
Link to AbstractA concentrated 2mg intranasal naloxone spray delivers naloxone as effectively, over the critical first 15 minutes, as the standard 0.4mg intramuscular (IM) naloxone injection.
Link to AbstractPerceived addiction to internet pornography seems to be more strongly related to moral concerns around pornography use than to the amount of daily use.
Link to AbstractThree independent chromosome 19 signals account for ~20% of the variability in the nicotine metabolite ratio in African American smokers; knowledge of these may help to develop genomics-based personalization of tobacco dependence treatment.
Link to AbstractIn the Netherlands, the peak age of smoking initiation (16 years) has not shifted despite new youth access laws.
Link to AbstractA behavioral activation group treatment for substance use (LETS ACT) appears to increase the likelihood of abstinence and reduce adverse consequences from substance use up to 12 months post-treatment.
Link to AbstractOpioid substitution therapy reduces risk of hepatitis C acquisition and is strengthened in combination with needle and syringe programmes.
Link to AbstractA wide range of socio-demographic, relationship, social, smoking-related, pregnancy-related, health and psychological factors have been found to predict smoking cessation in pregnancy.
Link to AbstractAlmost one in 10 presentations to emergency departments in Australia and New Zealand are alcohol related.
Link to AbstractA web-based alcohol intervention, administered with or without guidance, significantly reduced drinking and improved mental health and work-related outcomes in the German working population.
Link to AbstractA community organizing intervention, Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol (CMCA), is effective in reducing availability of alcohol to underage youth in the US.
Link to AbstractCanadians with prior convictions and opioid dependence appear to commit fewer crimes when they are receiving methadone treatment compared with no methadone treatment.
Link to AbstractAmong Australian methamphetamine-dependent people, elevated impulsivity (acting without sufficient deliberation) predicts lower improvement of social and psychological quality of life in the first 6-9 weeks of treatment.
Link to AbstractHealth care providers in the US who typically do not prescribe large volumes of opioids frequently prescribe opioids to patients at high risk of opioid misuse.
Link to AbstractNeither cumulative nor current marijuana use is associated with liver attenuation or total abdominal, visceral, subcutaneous, or intermuscular fat in mid-life.
Link to AbstractThe incidence of problem gambling relapse in Sweden is likely to be higher than estimated and in future is likely to include higher proportions of women and older adults.
Link to AbstractTo increase attendance at NHS Stop Smoking Services, a tailored letter and taster session in the services is likely to be more cost-effective than a generic letter in the long term.
Link to AbstractWhile cigarette smoking has declined in the U.S. for the past several decades, it has increased since 2002 among people with substance use disorders.
Link to AbstractIn a Norwegian prospective cohort study, 'hard-to-reach' polysubstance users had a more than 10 times higher mortality risk than the general population.
Link to AbstractAmong Norwegian adolescents, there appear to be strong genetic effects on both substance-specific and comorbid use of alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco; individual differences in alcohol use can be explained partially by family background.
Link to AbstractIn the US, sexual minority women are more likely, and sexual minority men are equally likely, to drink at standard and high-intensity binge drinking levels as their heterosexual counterparts.
Link to AbstractAs genetic variants associated with addictive behaviours are identified, the potential for Mendelian randomization analyses will grow.
Link to AbstractThe proportion of smokers who use smoking cessation medications who benefit from doing so decreases during the course of the first year, but a net benefit still remains at 12 months.
Link to AbstractExcessive drinkers in England with greater motivation to reduce consumption are more likely to report an attempt to reduce during the next 6 months, but on average this does not appear to translate to reduced consumption.
Link to AbstractAn estimated 19.5% of car occupant deaths in Mexico in 2010-13 may have been caused by alcohol.
Link to AbstractBetween 1980 and 2014, alcohol-related mortality declined in both East and West Germany but started earlier in West Germany. This difference can partly be explained by different drinking patterns before and changes in the health care system after the reunification.
Link to AbstractMarijuana use appears to be associated with subclinical atherosclerosis, but only among those who have ever used tobacco.
Link to AbstractAmong adult incident stimulant medication users in the VA health-care system (2001 to 2012), comorbid substance use disorders were common and were risk factors for development of an amphetamine use disorder (AUD).
Link to AbstractIn Germany, direct-acting antiviral treatment can achieve equally high sustained virological response rates among former or current drug users and patients with no history of drug use.
Link to AbstractIn treatment of problem gambling in New Zealand, brief telephone interventions are associated with reductions in days spent gambling and dollars lost that are similar to more intensive interventions.
Link to AbstractHigher disposable e-cigarette prices appear to be associated with reduced e-cigarette use among adolescents in the US.
Link to AbstractSocial context plays an important role in smoking-related decision-making and simulated social contexts have potential for the study of context-related decision-making in addiction.
Link to AbstractThe smoking cessation websites WebQuit.org and Smokefree.gov have similar 30-day point prevalence abstinence rates at 12 months.
Link to AbstractAssociations between psychotic experiences (PEs) and substance use/substance use disorders (SU/SUDs) are often bidirectional, but not all types of SU/SUDs are associated with PEs.
Link to AbstractPeople released from prison in Queensland, Australia are at increased risk of death, due particularly to drug-related causes. Those at greatest risk have poor physical and mental health and a history of risky substance use.
Link to AbstractIn the UK, opioid-dependent people transferred to an alternative treatment provider for continuation of their OST experience high overdose mortality rates, especially within the first month.
Link to AbstractSynthesis of the current evidence does not support the hypothesis that US medical marijuana laws (MMLs) up to 2014 have led to increases in adolescent marijuana use prevalence.
Link to AbstractTelevision advertisements on the harms of drinking increase intentions to reduce drinking among both low- and high-risk drinkers.
Link to AbstractPopulation-directed policies designed to reduce alcohol availability and promotion may reduce adolescents' alcohol use.
Link to AbstractMortality risk and excess mortality are significantly greater among those with cocaine and opiates use disorder than among people with only cocaine use disorder or cocaine and alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractIn Mexico, recent involuntary drug treatment is a risk factor for non-fatal drug overdose among people who inject drugs.
Link to AbstractRecruitment of participants for clinical trials of pharmacological interventions for illicit opioid use could be improved if researchers became better at explaining clinical trials to potential participants. A checklist of issues to consider when designing trials is proposed.
Link to AbstractLongitudinal associations between cannabis use and perception of risks from cannabis use are reciprocal, with a stronger association between cannabis use and lower subsequent risk perception.
Link to AbstractThe five-item Brief Problem Gambling Screen (BPGS) will be useful for mental health services wanting to screen for any level of gambling problem.
Link to AbstractVarenicline prescription in UK primary care does not appear to increase likelihood of death, myocardial infarction or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease over the following 2 years compared with NRT, but may cause more weight gain and reduce primary care attendance possibly through increased smoking cessation rates.
Link to AbstractIn Finland, socio-economic disparities in smoking in pregnancy are attributable primarily to differences in the mother's educational level (low versus high) and orientation (vocational versus general).
Link to AbstractWastewater-based epidemiology can be used to evaluate the geographic, temporal and weekly profiles of nicotine and alcohol consumption in different communities nationally.
Link to AbstractDiminished alternative reinforcement may be a modifiable mechanism linking early adolescent conduct problems and subsequent marijuana use.
Link to AbstractThe economic model, EQUIPTMOD, provides an invaluable tool for assessment of the return on investment of policies aimed at promoting smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractParameter estimates for the effectiveness and reach of interventions that increase population quit-smoking attempt and success rates can contribute to ROI estimates in support of national or regional policy decisions.
Link to AbstractCosts of treating smoking-attributable diseases and implementing smoking cessation interventions vary substantially across Hungary, Netherlands, Germany, Spain and England. Cost estimates can contribute to return on investment estimates in support of national or regional policy decisions.
Link to AbstractCountries with limited research time and resources can adapt the EQUIPTMOD return-on-investment model to their own settings by collecting data on a small number of model inputs.
Link to AbstractIncreasing the reach of group-based behavioural support, financial incentives and varenicline for smoking cessation by just 1% of current annual quit attempts would be a cost-effective way to improve the population's health outcomes.
Link to AbstractAccording to the EQUIPTMOD modelling tool it would be cost-effective for Spain to expand the reach of existing GP brief interventions for smoking cessation, provide pro-active telephone support, and reimburse smoking cessation medication.
Link to AbstractAccording to the EQUIPTMOD modelling tool, it would be cost-effective for Hungary to start a social marketing campaign and double the reach of current group-based behavioural support therapies and proactive telephone support for smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractProviding internet-based smoking cessation interventions to complement the current provision of smoking cessation services could be a cost-saving policy option in the Netherlands.
Link to AbstractCurrent provision of smoking cessation services in the Netherlands and England can benefit economically from the inclusion of cytisine and increasing the reach of brief physician advice, text-messaging support and group-based therapy.
Link to AbstractMany people who intend to start extended-release naltrexone do not do so, and most who do start discontinue treatment prematurely.
Link to AbstractInternational drug treaties will need reform as more countries legalise cannabis.
Link to AbstractA new method for modelling country-level proportion of unrecorded alcohol use shows that lower-income countries have a higher proportion of unrecorded alcohol than higher-income countries.
Link to AbstractAn agent-based simulation model suggests that restricting trading hours of licensed venues reduces rates of alcohol-related harm and extending trading hours of bottle shops increases rates of alcohol-related harm.
Link to AbstractDrinking frequency is associated positively with mortality among men and women in Russia, Belarus and Hungary. The mortality risk is higher among frequent drinkers who exhibit binge and hazardous drinking patterns.
Link to AbstractInjectable hydromorphone appears to provide similar outcomes to injectable diacetylmorphine and might provide greater benefit than methadone alone as well as being costâsaving.
Link to AbstractMethamphetamine use is associated with an increase in being sexually active, having multiple and casual sex partners, and having condomless sex with casual partners, but is not associated with a change in condom use per se.
Link to AbstractTwo national cohorts of women (Czech Republic and Norway) receiving opioid maintenance treatment during pregnancy showed small but not statistically significant differences in neonatal outcomes in favour of buprenorphine compared with methadone.
Link to AbstractAmong adult smokers in the US, Canada, UK and Australia, factors associated with smoking relapse differ between the early and later stages of quit attempts, suggesting relapse determinants change as a function of abstinence duration.
Link to AbstractIn England, maternal smoking in pregnancy is associated with increased child health-care costs over the first 5 years of life, driven primarily by greater hospital in-patient care.
Link to AbstractFrom 1999 to 2015 European adolescents showed strong decreasing trends in cigarette use and moderate decreases in alcohol use. Cannabis use increased in southern Europe and the Balkans.
Link to AbstractTwo-sample Mendelian randomization analyses (which can test for causal effects in observational data) have found little evidence for causal relationships between nicotine, alcohol, caffeine and cannabis use.
Link to AbstractDeath certificate reports understate the prevalence of and changes over time in opioid and heroin/synthetic opioid-involved drug mortality in the United States.
Link to AbstractAnalysis of doctor-targeted tobacco ads in US medical journals from 1936 to 1953 suggest that tobacco companies targeted physicians as a potential sales force to assuage the public's fear of health risks and to recruit them as allies against negative publicity.
Link to AbstractAs a treatment for alcohol use disorders, baclofen yields higher rates of abstinence than placebo. However, it does not appear to be better in terms of increasing number of abstinent days or decreasing heavy drinking, craving, anxiety or depression.
Link to AbstractLong-term success in Packaged Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Network Support treatments for alcohol use disorder appears to be mediated by both general mechanisms (developing coping skills and self-efficacy) and treatment-targeted mechanisms (developing network strategies that emphasize social support and avoiding friends who drink).
Link to AbstractA community-based multi-component intervention concerning alcohol sales legislation in the UK was associated with reduced sales of alcohol to pseudo-intoxicated patrons in on-licensed premises in a UK nightlife setting and improved nightlife patron awareness of associated legislation.
Link to AbstractAdults in England with probable alcohol dependence, measured through the AUDIT, demonstrate higher motivation to quit drinking and greater use of specialist treatment and self-driven support compared with other alcohol users, but most do not access treatment resources to support their attempts.
Link to AbstractAn open-access model for rapid enrolment of people with opioid use disorder in methadone treatment appears to improve treatment access, capacity, and financial sustainability without evidence of deleterious effects on treatment outcomes.
Link to AbstractIn UK general medical practice, opioid substitution treatment with buprenorphine is associated with lower mortality risk than methadone. In the population, buprenorphine is unlikely to give greater overall protection because of shorter treatment duration.
Link to AbstractAmong opioid-dependent people receiving extended release naltrexone treatment, better mental health, higher education and lower recent drug use at baseline are associated with greater treatment duration, which itself is associated with lower relapse rates and improved outcomes.
Link to AbstractIndividual differences in liability to cannabis use and cannabis use disorder appear to be linked to genetic risks correlated with antisocial and borderline personality disorder traits.
Link to AbstractAlthough most tobacco dependence treatment guidelines in 61 countries assessed in 2016 follow the WHO's FCTC Article 14 recommendations and do not differ significantly by income level, improvements are needed in keeping guidelines up-to-date, applying good writing practices and developing a dissemination strategy.
Link to AbstractA range of smoker characteristics (psychiatric history, cigarette dependence prior use of NRT) are associated with lower cessation rates but do not substantially influence efficacy of varenicline, bupropion or NRT.
Link to AbstractCannabis use and heavy drinking across adolescence and young adulthood in rural African-Americans show several distinct developmental courses.
Link to AbstractAn internet-based brief intervention directed at unhealthy alcohol use among young men does not appear to reduce drinking over the long-term.
Link to AbstractResearch findings from the 1930s to the 1970s suggest that paranoid psychosis should be considered a probable consequence of high-dose methamphetamine use.
Link to AbstractThe proposed Screener for Substance and Behavioural Addiction is a reliable and valid measure to assess the lay public's self-attributed indicators of addiction across 10 substances and behaviours.
Link to AbstractThe relationship between evidence and drug policy action is complex and follows multiple causal pathways.
Link to AbstractThose who act on behalf of the alcohol industry are highly strategic, rhetorically sophisticated, and well organised in influencing national policy-making.
Link to AbstractConsuming alcohol may have a small effect of increasing a person's perception of the attractiveness of people of the opposite sex.
Link to AbstractReducing the serving size of alcoholic beverages in the United Kingdom appears to lead to a reduction in alcohol consumption within single drinking occasions.
Link to AbstractA text-messaging intervention to reduce binge drinking in disadvantaged men did not appear to reduce prevalence of binge drinking at 12-month followâup.
Link to AbstractIn the US, throughout emerging adulthood several sexual-minority subgroups appear to have higher odds of belonging to heavier alcohol use trajectories than those who are completely heterosexual.
Link to AbstractPeople from Finland, France and the UK who reported not drinking any alcohol over several years were absent from work due to illness more often than low-risk drinkers.
Link to AbstractFrom 1989 to 2016 there appears to be a positive association (becoming weaker over time) between alcohol and cannabis consumption among Swedish adolescents who use cannabis.
Link to AbstractOklahoma's 2008 prior authorization policy for extended-release/long-acting (ER/LA) opioids may have reduced the number of opioid-naive patients initiating ER/LA opioid use by more than half while increasing short-acting opioid prescriptions by 7%.
Link to AbstractIn exploratory analyses based on young adult and middle-aged samples, normal variation in cannabis use is unrelated statistically to individual differences in brain morphology as measured by subcortical volume.
Link to AbstractThe addition of bupropion to varenicline treatment does not appear to increase smoking abstinence rates above that of varenicline alone.
Link to AbstractCompared with referral to a smoking cessation website, a USA-focused Facebook smoking cessation intervention did not improve abstinence over 1 year, but increased abstinence at the end of treatment and participants found it engaging.
Link to AbstractA single 800-mg oral dose of cannabidiol reduced the salience and pleasantness of cigarette cues, compared with placebo, after overnight cigarette abstinence in dependent smokers. It did not influence tobacco craving or withdrawal.
Link to AbstractCaffeine may promote early use of other types of substances among middle school-aged adolescents.
Link to AbstractCurrent opioid substitution therapy and high-coverage needle and syringe provision is averting substantial hepatitis C transmission in the UK. Maintaining this coverage while getting current drug injectors into treatment can reduce incidence by 90% by 2030.
Link to AbstractDr Leslie E. Keeley was a famous addiction cure doctor at the turn of the twentieth century, but mainstream medicine dismissed him as a quack. The article examines the role of contextual issues in the acceptance or rejection of theories of addiction, particularly the neuroscientific theories of the early twenty-first century.
Link to AbstractInjecting-related skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a significant cause of morbidity and premature mortality among people who inject drugs. There is strong evidence of an association between SSTIs and AA amyloidosis.
Link to AbstractIn 2017, the American Cancer Society and Canadian Cancer Society websites failed to state that alcohol is a group 1 carcinogen and can cause cancer at low doses, and that there is no safe threshold for cancer risk.
Link to AbstractFrequency of adolescent drinking is a major predictor of substance use problems in adulthood.
Link to AbstractFinancial troubles due to someone else's drinking and assaults perpetrated by drinking intimates (spouses, other partners or family members) are associated with worse mental health
Link to AbstractOpioid-dependent people who switch from buprenorphine-naltrexone treatment after 3 months to extended-release naltrexone (XR-N) treatment for 9 months appear to have similar treatment completion rates, abstinence rates and adverse event profiles to people on XR-N from the start of treatment.
Link to AbstractIn the US, hospitalization for toxicity from synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (Spice, Mamba) increased significantly between 2010 and 2015.
Link to AbstractUnderage gambling in Europe appears to be associated positively with alcohol, tobacco and other substance use (but not cannabis); truancy; going out at night; and active participation in sports.
Link to AbstractPeople who use e-cigarettes with lower nicotine concentration e-liquids may exhibit compensatory behaviour (e.g. higher number and duration of puffs) and higher negative affect, urge to vape and formaldehyde exposure.
Link to AbstractThe implementation of plain packaging laws in the UK was associated with increased prices of manufactured cigarettes.
Link to AbstractA novel biomagnetic technique may allow simultaneous quantification of cardiac and brain activities in buprenorphine-exposed and non-exposed fetuses in the third trimester.
Link to AbstractIn 2015, alcohol and tobacco use between them cost the human population more than a quarter of a billion disability-adjusted life years, with illicit drugs costing further tens of millions.
Link to AbstractDuring the early 1970s Denise Kandel and her colleagues documented an 'invariant sequence' in initiation of drug use: starting with alcohol and tobacco, progressing to cannabis and then to other illicit, or 'harder' drugs. This observation became known as the 'gateway sequence' of drug use.
Link to AbstractClinical referral of dual diagnosis (DD) patients to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is common. In many cases, DD patients who attend AA will report higher rates of alcohol abstinence than DD patients who do not attend AA.
Link to AbstractWhole-community interventions to reduce alcohol and other drug use and harms have seen small reductions in risky drinking, but have had little impact upon past month alcohol use, binge drinking or 12-month marijuana use and the studies have been subject to high risk of bias.
Link to AbstractIn Australia, gender convergence in risky drinking since 2001 has been evident only in people aged 50-69 years.
Link to AbstractThe more restrictive the alcohol policy in a country, the lower the rate of alcohol-related injury, with country-level drinking pattern having little effect on this relationship.
Link to AbstractYoung adults whose parents have moderate or high-risk alcohol consumption are more likely to consume alcohol than those with parents with lower alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractIn England, there appears to be an association between higher densities of alcohol outlets and higher hospital admission rates for conditions wholly attributable to alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractState-wide medical cannabis legalization appears to have been associated with reductions in prescriptions and dosages of Schedule III opioids to US Medicaid enrollees.
Link to AbstractAge at cannabis initiation appears to be moderately heritable in western countries, and individual differences in onset can be explained by separate but correlated genetic liabilities.
Link to AbstractNeither cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) nor cotinine accurately estimate nicotine exposure during pregnancy.
Link to AbstractThe IQOS heated tobacco product emits substantially lower levels of carbonyls than a commercial tobacco cigarette (Marlboro Red) but higher levels than a Nautilus Mini e-cigarette.
Link to AbstractFor US juveniles, the connection between conduct disorder and risk of early death appears to exist even when other contributing factors such as sex, ethnicity, familial factors, and substance use are removed.
Link to AbstractMost of the decline in hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence in Scotland between 2008 and 2015 appears to be attributable to intervention scale-up due to government strategies on HCV and drugs.
Link to AbstractOrganizational change interventions within health-care services to make smoking cessation care delivery part of usual treatment offer promise for increasing smoking cessation care and reducing smoking prevalence.
Link to AbstractThere appears to be a positive association between problem gambling and shallow probability discounting (a cognitive bias that overvalues low probability gains and/or undervalues high probability losses).
Link to AbstractThe research literature suggests that alcohol hangovers may involve impaired cognitive functions and performance of everyday tasks such as driving.
Link to AbstractBinge drinking thresholds of 4+/5+ (women/men) drinks accurately predict the occurrence of consequences in general, but are too low to predict severe acute alcohol-related consequences.
Link to AbstractSpecific birth cohorts influenced the post-WWII rise in alcohol consumption by Australian women born 1920-49. Much of the convergence with men's drinking after 1980 reflects large reductions in drinking among men.
Link to AbstractThe GABBR1 rs29220 polymorphism may influence treatment response and possibly predict adverse effects to baclofen in treatment of alcohol dependence.
Link to AbstractThe age-adjusted mean AUDIT-C score is associated more strongly with genetic polymorphisms of known risk for alcohol use disorder than are longitudinal trajectories of AUDIT-C or AUD diagnostic codes.
Link to AbstractIn England, the alcohol industry appears to be highly financially dependent upon heavy drinking, and might face significant financial losses were consumers to drink within guideline levels.
Link to AbstractUnderestimation of alcohol consumption in cohort studies is less than in typical population surveys. Uplifting survey estimates to 80% of total population consumption in global burden of disease studies appears appropriate.
Link to AbstractAmong people who use illicit drugs initiating opioid agonist treatment in Vancouver, daily cannabis use was associated with approximately 21% greater odds of retention in treatment compared with less than daily consumption.
Link to AbstractOverdose prevention sites in Vancouver, Canada remain 'masculine spaces' that can jeopardize access for women who use drugs.
Link to AbstractAmong US emergency medical service patients administered naloxone for opioid overdose, those with repeat non-fatal opioid overdose events are at a much higher risk of mortality, particularly drug-related mortality, than those without repeat events.
Link to AbstractNicotine pre-loading appears to facilitate smoking abstinence by reducing urges to smoke and smoke intake before quitting and urges to smoke after quitting.
Link to AbstractVarenicline was found not to be more effective than placebo in aiding cessation of tobacco use in long-term daily waterpipe smokers.
Link to AbstractAlcohol use disorder appears to be associated with significant impairment in facial emotion recognition and theory of mind (the capacity to attribute mental states to oneself and others).
Link to AbstractDelayed reward discounting (preferring smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards) is more prevalent in people with a range of addictive disorders.
Link to AbstractAlcohol use among HIV-infected adults in Botswana appears to worsen HIV treatment outcomes.
Link to AbstractYoung adult underage binge drinking, high-intensity drinking, and intoxication are relatively common in the USA. Four-year college students and young adults living away from parents are more likely to engage in high-intensity drinking than their peers.
Link to AbstractPillreports and Partyflock website reports tend to overestimate MDMA concentrations in ecstasy tablets. Also, 15% of reports omit the concentration spread, fail to report additional illegal or dangerous substances, or underestimate MDMA concentration by >40 mg.
Link to AbstractIn California USA from 2001-11, hospital discharge rates for prescription opioid poisoning spread from rural and suburban/exurban hot-spots to urban areas, suggesting spatial contagion.
Link to AbstractThere appears to be a significant genetic overlap between cannabis use and major depression among Mexican Americans, localized to a region on chromosome 11q23 that has been linked previously to these phenotypes.
Link to AbstractA global payment and accountable care model introduced in Massachusetts, USA did not greatly change substance use disorder service use during the first 3 years following implementation.
Link to AbstractAmong adult smokers not ready to quit, telephone interventions designed to motivate quitting or smoking reduction did not increase the odds of making a quit attempt at 6 months. The motivational intervention appeared to increase abstinence at 6 months and did increase it at 12 months. The smoking-reduction intervention did not increase abstinence at 6 months but appeared to increase it at 12 months.
Link to AbstractThe offer of, and instructions to use, reduced nicotine content cigarettes may lead to greater use of alternative tobacco/nicotine products compared with continued use of normal nicotine cigarettes and also reductions in smoking rates.
Link to AbstractThere are different types of opiate overdose onset, pointing to the need for a range of interventions, including strategies for self-administration of naloxone.
Link to AbstractPharmacy-based needle/syringe exchange programmes appear to be effective for reducing risk behaviours among people who inject drugs, although their effect on HIV/HCV prevalence and economic outcomes is unclear.
Link to AbstractThe inclusion of the birth cohort dimension improves the understanding of alcohol-attributable mortality trends in Europe.
Link to AbstractRestrictions on the availability of alcohol appear to reduce the incidence of assault.
Link to AbstractPeople in areas with greater densities of bars, restaurants and beer stores appear to be at increased risk for non-gun assault at these outlets' times of heaviest patronage.
Link to AbstractEvidence suggests three distinguishable types of trajectory for development of cannabis use disorder starting in early teens: (1) persistent increasing risk; (2) maturing out, with increasing risk then decreasing risk; and (3) stable low risk.
Link to AbstractHIV prevalence has declined in New York City (NYC), USA and a high percentage of HIV-positive non-injecting drug users (NIDUs) are receiving antiretroviral treatment, suggesting an end to the HIV epidemic among NIDUs in NYC.
Link to AbstractThe supply of take-home naloxone kits through a national programme in Scotland was not associated clearly with a decrease in ambulance attendance at opioid-related overdose incidents in the 4-year period after it was implemented in April 2011.
Link to AbstractIn a survey of Maryland, USA physicians, most participants reported that prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) improved their opioid prescribing by decreasing prescription amounts and increasing their comfort with prescribing opioids.
Link to AbstractLaws prohibiting the sales of tobacco to minors in Europe do not appear to be associated with a reduction in adolescent smoking rates, but they lower the perceived obtainability of cigarettes.
Link to AbstractMore than one-third of people quitting smoking report extreme craving, negative affective or hunger responses on their quit day. These withdrawal symptom patterns are related to baseline characteristics, treatment and cessation success.
Link to AbstractDespite a decline in smoking prevalence, the majority of snus users in Norway are still former or current smokers.
Link to AbstractIn current smokers, a reduction in nicotine content may reduce cigarette consumption, reduce the reinforcement value of cigarettes and increase cessation if reduced nicotine content cigarettes are the only cigarette available for purchase.
Link to AbstractThe magnetic resonance imaging literature provides a limited but convergent picture of the neurobiology of addiction as global changes to brain structure and functional disturbances to frontostriatal circuitry, accompanied by changes in anterior white matter.
Link to AbstractA new application of incentive learning theory posits that depressed smokers experience greater increases in the expected value of smoking in the face three motivational states: low positive affect, high negative affect and cognitive impairment.
Link to AbstractGiven the current evidence, it isn't possible to make conclusive recommendations about the safety and efficacy of opium tincture for treating opioid dependence.
Link to AbstractYoung adults report consuming more drinks per hour when drinking with mixed-gender groups than with same-gender groups.
Link to AbstractPractising tasks before drinking moderates the acute effects of alcohol on the ability to switch between tasks.
Link to AbstractPatient-centered methadone treatment (with optional counseling and with the counselor not serving as the treatment program disciplinarian) does not appear to be more effective than methadone treatment-as-usual.
Link to AbstractElectronic tracking systems can reduce people's capacity to produce methamphetamine domestically, but seem unlikely to affect methamphetamine possession, distribution and importation.
Link to AbstractHair analysis provides an unreliable marker of substance use in general population samples. People who report more frequent substance use before age 18 are less likely to later deny previous substance use at age 18 than people who report occasional use.
Link to AbstractBetween 2003 and 2013, Australian health-care professionals averaged 37 deaths per year attributed to drug toxicity, with a mortality rate of nearly five deaths per 1000 employed HCPs.
Link to AbstractChildren in Australia documented as having been maltreated are more likely to use cannabis 1) before 17, 2) as an adult, and 3) daily and meet DSM-IV criteria for cannabis dependence.
Link to AbstractLarge randomized trials of naloxone to prevent opioid deaths are feasible with prison populations. Giving prisoners take-home emergency naloxone prior to release may prevent heroin overdose deaths among ex-prisoners and the wider population.
Link to AbstractThe prevalence of cannabis use has increased significantly in recent years among US adults aged ⥠50 years.
Link to AbstractSmokers do not appear to have a significantly earlier age of psychosis onset than non-smokers after taking into account cannabis use and gender.
Link to AbstractThe Healthy School and Drugs programme adapted for secondary special education in the Netherlands lacked clear evidence for effects on all outcomes.
Link to AbstractDivorce and alcohol use disorder are correlated strongly in the Swedish population, and the heritability of divorce is consistent with previous studies.
Link to AbstractNearly one-third of fatal injuries in Sao Paulo between June 2014 and December 2015 were alcohol-related, with traffic accidents showing a greater association with alcohol use than other injuries.
Link to AbstractExcessive alcohol use during adolescence appears to be associated with an abnormal development of the brain grey matter. Structural changes in the insula of alcohol users may reflect reduced sensitivity to alcohol's negative subjective effects.
Link to AbstractSexual minority youth in the US appear to be at disproportionate risk for concurrent past-year polysubstance use compared with their same-gender, completely heterosexual youth.
Link to AbstractIn Australia between 2003 and 2013 there were on average eight acute poisoning deaths in children each year, most commonly involving prescription opioids and adolescents, with a downward trend in mortality since 2003.
Link to AbstractDutch drug users increasingly purchase drugs on-line, especially new psychoactive substances. Purity and adulteration do not vary considerably between drugs purchased on-line and off-line for most substances, but on-line prices are mostly higher than off-line prices.
Link to AbstractLower cognitive ability, measured in childhood before smoking is initiated, appears to predict a higher likelihood of taking up smoking and a lower likelihood of quitting in adulthood. Educational attainment appears to mediate this effect.
Link to AbstractBased on functional magnetic resonance imaging and eye-tracking data, health warnings appear to be more noticeable on 'plain' cigarette packs than branded packs.
Link to AbstractText-messaging programs for smoking cessation appear to work by promoting improvements in the psychosocial processes related to quitting rather than through the use of additional smoking cessation services.
Link to AbstractPeople who use cannabis while undergoing treatment for an alcohol use disorder have fewer days of alcohol abstinence at the end of treatment compared with non-cannabis users; however, this relationship is present only among those who use cannabis once or twice per month.
Link to AbstractThere appear to be reciprocal relationships among emotion regulation strategies and substance use: greater daytime use of distraction, reappraisal, and problem solving predicts lower evening substance use, while higher evening substance use predicts higher next-day avoidance and reappraisal but lower next-day problem-solving.
Link to AbstractEvidence suggests that less than 20% of the total adult per-capita alcohol consumption in South Africa is reported in surveys.
Link to AbstractGestational age (pre-term, term or late term) at birth appears to be unrelated to the need for pharmacotherapy to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome in late pre-term and term infants. Treatment may tend to be given for longer in term than pre-term or late term infants.
Link to AbstractNeuroimaging data have the potential to be much better predictors of alcohol use than they currently are.
Link to AbstractDental patients with substance use disorders have more tooth decay and periodontal disease than the general population, but are less likely to receive dental care.
Link to AbstractCosts of hospital care for patients with alcoholic liver disease are higher than those for patients with other alcohol-related diagnoses.
Link to AbstractAdolescent drinking in Norway appears to be related inversely to parents' social standing. The elevated risk of low socio-economic status vanishes when general parenting, alcohol-related parental permissiveness and parents' drinking are accounted for.
Link to AbstractNorwegian adults aged 40-80 years with a high tendency to experience negative emotions are at greater risk of heavy drinking approximately 5 years later than those with a low tendency to experience negative emotions.
Link to AbstractIn England, socio-economic differences in harmful drinking patterns (specifically, conditions associated with dependence and intoxication) may contribute to the 'alcohol harm paradox', in which people of low socioeconomic status have higher levels of alcohol-related ill health than people of higher status despite drinking the same amounts of alcohol.
Link to AbstractBrief intervention delivered in primary care for screen-identified drug use does not appear to increase addiction treatment receipt significantly; a motivational interviewing approach appears to be counterproductive.
Link to AbstractIncentives for naltrexone adherence increase opiate abstinence in heroin-dependent adults, an effect that appears to be caused by the increased naltrexone adherence produced by the incentives.
Link to AbstractIn publicly funded drug treatment facilities in California, USA, engagement in treatment for opioid use disorders is associated with lower costs of crime in the 6 months following initiation of treatment, and the economic benefits are far greater for individuals receiving time-unlimited treatment.
Link to AbstractDrug-relevant memory associations play a key role in drug use behavior in at-risk youth.
Link to AbstractThe likelihood that a non-daily tobacco smoker in the US will remain a stable non-daily smoker or transition to either daily use or non-use is associated with socio-demographic factors and current use of cigars and smokeless tobacco.
Link to AbstractA contingency management/financial incentive program delivered via the internet improved short-term smoking abstinence rates compared with an internet program without the incentives.
Link to AbstractAn elevated response to unexpected negative feedback in parts of the brain (specifically bilateral amygdala and anterior hippocampus) appears to predict relapse to substance use in people attending community-based treatment.
Link to AbstractThe proportion of US smokers making a serious quit attempt has increased since 2009, due to an upward trend since 2011. The 2014 serious quit attempt rate was 55.0%.
Link to AbstractQ-learning (a new data analysis method) can inform the development of more cost-effective, adaptive treatment strategies for treating substance use disorders.
Link to AbstractExisting economic evaluations of smoking cessation interventions lack information on one or more key study attributes necessary to be fully transferable to a new context.
Link to AbstractResearch since 2010 confirms the importance of alcohol use as a risk factor for disease and injuries; for some health outcomes, more than one dimension of use needs to be considered.
Link to AbstractIn Sweden exposure to increased alcohol availability during adolescence appears to be associated with an increased risk of receiving a disability pension in later life.
Link to AbstractIn Chile, men are at higher risk than women of being a passenger with an alcohol-impaired driver (PAID).
Link to AbstractCash incentives linked to a transdermal alcohol sensor can reduce heavy alcohol consumption while the incentives are in operation.
Link to AbstractThe use of buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder has increased markedly in the United States, but a substantial proportion of patients fill prescriptions for non-buprenorphine opioids during and following such treatment.
Link to AbstractHeroin users in Australia show widely varying patterns of use over a 10-year period and it is proving difficult to predict which users will show which pattern.
Link to AbstractPatients in Eastern Europe with opioid dependence are likely to experience additional barriers to accessing opioids over and above those experienced by non-dependent patients.
Link to AbstractParticipants in randomized controlled trials of pharmacological treatments for methamphetamine use disorder who are able to achieve a brief period of early abstinence are retained longer in the trials and are less likely to drop out overall.
Link to AbstractGambling disorder is associated with greater use of emotional suppression and middle frontal gyrus activation for regulating negative emotions, compared with healthy controls; both are linked with negative emotion-driven impulsivity in this disorder.
Link to AbstractParticipant drop-out in a 35-day trial of varying levels of reduced nicotine content cigarettes was greater for cigarettes with lower nicotine content and less in smokers reporting more favourable subjective ratings of the cigarettes.
Link to AbstractExtended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) is feasible and safe for treatment of opioid use disorder and alcohol use disorder in HIV clinics. Treatment initiation appears to be lower and retention greater for XR-NTX compared with treatment as usual.
Link to AbstractThere is evidence of an adverse association between substance use and sleep disturbance, which includes higher frequency of all substance use before substance misuse treatment and higher rates of cocaine use after a treatment episode.
Link to AbstractRisk of adolescent alcohol misuse is positively associated with parental provision of alcohol, favourable parental attitudes towards alcohol use and parental drinking and is negatively associated with parental monitoring, parent-child relationship quality, parental support and parental involvement.
Link to AbstractBaclofen administered at 30 mg/day does not appear to be superior to placebo in increasing abstinence or in reducing alcohol use, cravings for alcohol or anxiety among people with alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractIn Finland, approximately 12% of people who reach retirement age experience a temporary increase in alcohol consumption to risky levels, while approximately 7% experience a slow decline in risky levels of alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractA greater degree of familial alcoholism is associated with a steeper decline in impulsive choice among adolescents who do not drink. More life-time drinks during adolescence is associated with increases in impulsive choice.
Link to AbstractAmong people receiving Veterans Health Administration care in the US, current substance use disorders (SUDs) signal increased suicide risk, especially among women.
Link to AbstractAdults with chronic pain receiving out-patient treatment with buprenorphine-naloxone (BUP-NLX) for prescription opioid addiction have an elevated risk for opioid use when tapering off maintenance treatment.
Link to AbstractThe findings of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for substance use disorder treatment do not appear to be generalizable to target populations when the RCT samples do not reflect the target populations and there is treatment effect heterogeneity across patient subgroups.
Link to AbstractAdolescents with weak working memory have less control over impulsive urges, placing them at risk for later substance use disorder.
Link to AbstractTobacco control television mass media campaigns broadcast in Scotland between 2003 and 2012 were effective in triggering calls to Smokeline (a national telephone support service for quitting smoking) but did not significantly increase the use of prescribed nicotine replacement therapy by adult smokers.
Link to AbstractA text-messaging programme may increase cessation rates in pregnant smokers when provided alongside routine NHS cessation care.
Link to AbstractSubstance use disorders are strongly associated with risk of suicide and suicide attempts in people with severe mental illness.
Link to AbstractA midazolam-droperidol combination appears to provide more rapid sedation of patients with methamphetamine-related acute agitation than droperidol or olanzapine alone.
Link to AbstractUsing information from data linkage to adjust for non-response bias in health surveys can improve estimates of alternative harmful behaviours.
Link to AbstractBased on theoretical model projections, chronic hepatitis C in Greece could be eliminated in the next 4-5 years by increasing treatment to more than 16% of people who inject drugs per year combined with moderate increases in harm reduction coverage.
Link to AbstractIncarceration and the elevated transmission risk following prison release can contribute significantly to hepatitis C virus transmission among people who inject drugs.
Link to AbstractAmong patients receiving treatment for an alcohol use disorder, those who relapse during follow-up have higher novelty-seeking behaviour, lower persistence, lower reward dependence and lower cooperativeness than those who do not relapse.
Link to AbstractAlcohol-dependent men and women have significantly higher risks of a comprehensive spectrum of somatic (body-related) diseases relative to the general population.
Link to AbstractThe total number of drinks consumed in a risky single occasion drinking session appears to rise independently with the duration of the event, the number of drinking locations, and the number of different types of beverage consumed.
Link to AbstractThere appear to be two major genetic factors contributing to the risk of alcohol use disorder among Swedish men: one beginning at ages 18-25 and another, of less impact, beginning at ages 26-33.
Link to AbstractThere appear to be socio-economic disparities in the receipt of pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder in Sweden.
Link to AbstractAn emergency department-based motivational brief intervention, delivered by a therapist and guided by computer, appears to reduce drug use among adults seeking emergency department care.
Link to AbstractIn an English national study, prison-based opioid substitution therapy was associated with a 75% reduction in all-cause mortality and an 85% reduction in fatal drug-related poisoning in the first month after prison release.
Link to AbstractThe two steps in treatment cascade for HIV-positive PWID in St Petersburg, RF and Kohtla-Järve, Estonia requiring greatest improvement are retention in regular care and initiation of HAART.
Link to AbstractThere is an elevated risk of death from drug overdose among individuals released from Norwegian prisons, peaking in the first week, and greatest for those having served 3-12 months.
Link to AbstractWhile extended-release naltrexone appears to increase both quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and abstinence, it does not appear to be cost-effective due to the high price of injections.
Link to AbstractExtending cognitive-behavioral therapy from 26 to 48 weeks does not appear to improve long-term abstinence from smoking.
Link to AbstractIt is not clear whether a brief intervention associated with the Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test is more effective than an informational pamphlet in reducing alcohol and illicit substance consumption in non-treatment-seeking, primary care users with moderate risk.
Link to AbstractPsychoactive drug use is generally low in Iraq, tobacco being highest at an estimated 23.2%. Iraqi women report significantly less substance use than Iraqi men. Discrepancy between self-report and 'knowing someone who uses a substance' suggests under-reporting.
Link to AbstractWomen who inject drugs in Northeast India have a high HIV prevalence, which was more than double their hepatitis C (HCV) prevalence, an opposite pattern than is observed typically among men who inject drugs.
Link to AbstractStudies that do not account for the effects of gender and age on the measurement of alcohol use may be statistically biased.
Link to AbstractInternet interventions can yield small but significant reduction in illicit substance use.
Link to AbstractIf low-risk alcohol guidelines were based on an acceptable risk of one in 1000 premature deaths, maximums for Europe should be 8-10 g/day for women and 15-20 g/day for men, and some current guidelines would need downward revision.
Link to AbstractCoping activities seem to be a mechanism of change in cognitive-behavioral therapy for alcohol use disorder among clients with high dependence severity, but not low dependence severity.
Link to AbstractRates and costs of US hospital admissions related to heroin and prescription opioid overdose increased substantially from 2001 to 2012.
Link to AbstractPeople who transition from stimulant use to stimulant use disorder appear to show specific types of neural activity that may constitute a high-risk addiction profile.
Link to AbstractFor heroin users, the combination of opioids with gabapentin or pregabalin potentially increases the risk of acute overdose death.
Link to AbstractThe number of US hospital admissions involving neonatal abstinence syndrome increased more than fourfold between 2003 and 2012. In 2012, neonatal abstinence syndrome cost nearly $316 million.
Link to AbstractMaltreatment while a child is associated with an increased risk of non-medical use of prescription drugs among Chinese adolescents.
Link to AbstractThere appears to be no difference in smoking cessation effectiveness between 1 mg and 0.5 mg varenicline, both administered twice daily for 8 weeks.
Link to AbstractAmong people who smoke, those also using an e-cigarette regularly are more likely to try to quit smoking and reduce their cigarette consumption during the next 6 months.
Link to AbstractThe association between high novelty seeking and substance use disorders is not explained by common underlying individual factors and environmental exposures; thus, novelty seeking may play a causal role in the development of substance use disorders.
Link to AbstractWomen with substance use disorders are less likely to use prescription contraceptives but not less likely to adhere to them once prescribed.
Link to AbstractConcentrated naloxone nasal spray has a promising pharmacokinetic profile, with substantial bioavailability. Its early absorption time-course suggests it is suitable for emergency administration in the community.
Link to AbstractThe four-dimensional Electronic Gaming Motives Questionnaire is a valid instrument for measuring motives for gaming.
Link to AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment appears to help HIV-HCV co-infected patients reduce alcohol use.
Link to AbstractFrom 1966 to 2015, approximately a quarter of newly incarcerated prisoners of both sexes across 10 countries had an alcohol use disorder, and the prevalence of a drug use disorder was at least as high in men, and higher in women.
Link to AbstractWhile Australian adolescents' exposure to alcohol advertising on television reduced between 1999 and 2011, higher levels of past-month television alcohol advertising were associated with an increased likelihood of adolescents' drinking.
Link to AbstractIn Danish men aged 18-60, both alcohol abstinence and heavy consumption are associated with increased subsequent risk of unemployment and sickness absence compared with low consumption. In Danish women, abstainers have increased risk of unemployment, sickness absence and disability pension, while binge drinkers are more likely to become unemployed subsequently.
Link to AbstractAmong US military personnel, attitudes to drinking appear to mediate the association between descriptive norms (what most people in a group think, feel, or do) and injunctions norms (what most people in a group approve of) about alcohol and subsequent level of alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractUS states that have more robust prescription drug monitoring programs (PMPs) have fewer prescription opioid overdose deaths than states with weaker PMPs.
Link to AbstractPrescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are associated with reductions in opioid use among disabled and older adult Medicare beneficiaries in the United States compared with states that do not have PDMPs.
Link to AbstractThe UK government's 2015 temporary class drug order on ethylphenidate was effective in reducing infections among people who inject drugs during an outbreak situation in Lothian, Scotland.
Link to AbstractVarenicline appears to improve the chances of achieving at least 3 months of smoking abstinence in smokers with substance use disorders trying to stop, compared with transdermal nicotine patches, the effect being independent of history of depressive disorder.
Link to AbstractYoung adults in Colorado, USA, perceive the harms and benefits of tobacco and marijuana in terms of potency, chemical additives, addiction, combustible versus non-combustible products, and source of information.
Link to AbstractBetween 2014 and 2016, monthly changes in prevalence of smoking in England were associated positively with prevalence of high-risk drinking.
Link to AbstractAmount of coffee consumption is unlikely to have a major causal impact upon amount of cigarette smoking.
Link to AbstractThe median purchase price of illicit cigarettes is higher than that of legal cigarette packs in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia appear to have few or no illicit cigarettes for purchase from formal, urban retailers.
Link to AbstractCompared with placebo, patients receiving pioglitazone show a higher likelihood of reduced cocaine craving and improved brain white matter integrity as a function of time in treatment.
Link to AbstractIn Wales, UK, an Environmental Health Practitioner-led intervention in premises licensed for the sale and on-site consumption of alcohol resulted in an increase in police recorded violence.
Link to AbstractThe likelihood of abstinent remission among people with alcohol use disorder appears to be more than three times greater for individuals who are related to an abstinent proband versus those related to a proband with persistent alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractSocio-economic differences in alcohol use only explain a quarter of the socio-economic position differences in alcohol-related disorders in Stockholm, Sweden.
Link to AbstractLesbian/gay and bisexual youth in Canada show elevated rates of alcohol use compared with heterosexual youth.
Link to AbstractIn Canada, setting a minimum price for alcohol has been associated with a reduction in alcohol attributable hospitalizations.
Link to AbstractYouth with more chronic or severe forms of depression during early adolescence may be at elevated risk for developing cannabis use disorder compared with youth with fewer depressive symptoms.
Link to AbstractPatterns of cannabis use frequency in US male adolescents could affect mood symptoms and educational attainment in early adulthood via altered function in neural reward circuitry.
Link to AbstractApproaches to measuring adolescent cannabis use that account for realistic use opportunities are critical to understanding underage cannabis use. Delineation of realistic opportunities from behaviours conditioned upon such opportunities is generalizable to a range of public health issues.
Link to AbstractNon-medical marijuana laws enacted in US states are associated with increased marijuana use, but only among adults aged 26+ years.
Link to AbstractRates of Oregon college students' marijuana use increased (relative to that of students in other states) following recreational marijuana legislation in 2015, but only for those who reported recent heavy use of alcohol.
Link to AbstractBuprenorphine appears to be the most cost-effective treatment for people with untreated opioid addiction who visit US emergency departments.
Link to AbstractLongitudinal data in Canada suggest low-risk gambling thresholds of eight times per month, $75CAN total per month and 1.7% of income spent on gambling.
Link to AbstractFewer than half the Parties to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control have implemented the recommendations of Article 14 and its guidelines to promote tobacco cessation and implement effective measures to help tobacco users quit.
Link to AbstractA very brief, proactive, low-cost smoking-reduction intervention without medications for Chinese male smokers with no intention to quit appears to increase smoking abstinence.
Link to AbstractThree personality traits (urgency, sensation-seeking and low conscientiousness), when measured in 11-year-old children, predict those children's drinking and smoking behavior individually at age 15.
Link to AbstractA refinement of Rehm et al.'s approach to adjusting for underreporting in the estimation of alcohol-attributable fractions provides more flexibility.
Link to AbstractInjection drug use initiation is a dynamic process shaped by social and structural factors. Interventions should seek to modify the contexts for initiation.
Link to AbstractLow-risk drinking is achievable for some individuals as they undergo treatment for alcohol dependence.
Link to AbstractIn Taiwan, heavy and regular alcohol consumption are associated with higher risks of active tuberculosis.
Link to AbstractImpairments in attention and executive functioning are positively associated with substance use in the US general population.
Link to AbstractAlcohol use severity is associated with widespread lower gray matter volume and white matter integrity in adults, and with lower gray matter volume in adolescents.
Link to AbstractA novel integrated 12-Step facilitation treatment for adolescent substance use disorder showed benefits in terms of 12-Step attendance and consequences and may provide an integrated evidence-based option compatible with existing practices.
Link to AbstractIn the state of Washington, USA, the legal cannabis market is currently dominated by high-THC cannabis flowers, with growing expenditures on extracts. For cannabis flowers, both THC and cannabidiol concentration are associated with higher per-gram prices.
Link to AbstractIn mid-adolescence, anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure) is associated with subsequent marijuana use escalation, but marijuana use escalation does not appear to be associated with subsequent anhedonia.
Link to AbstractMethamphetamine death rates doubled in Australia from 2009 to 2015. While toxicity was the most frequent cause, natural disease, suicide and accident comprised more than half of deaths.
Link to AbstractThe US federal ban on marijuana has manifested as a patchwork of regulatory strategies not uniformly consistent with the approach usually taken by the Federal government and of unknown effectiveness.
Link to AbstractOlder adults who use bus tours to access Canadian gambling venues have an increased likelihood of problem gambling.
Link to AbstractIn the United States, high rates (40%) of recently hospitalized smokers enrolled in smoking cessation trials fail biochemical verification of their self-reported abstinence.
Link to AbstractIn people seeking help to stop smoking, one-off brief advice from a GP appears to be as effective as several sessions of behavioural support from a practice nurse when smoking cessation medication is provided.
Link to AbstractIn the Netherlands, Portugal, Germany, Italy, Belgium and Finland, adolescents' personal income is related positively to smoking behaviours independent of family socio-economic status.
Link to AbstractStakeholders in tobacco control and smoking cessation research identified electronic cigarettes, addressing inequalities, and mental health and other substance abuse as key areas for research.
Link to AbstractThe alcohol industry's political activity is more varied than existing models of corporate political activity suggest; it primarily conveys its arguments through manipulating the evidence base and by promoting ineffective voluntary codes and non-regulatory initiatives.
Link to AbstractOpioid drugs continue to burden the European drug treatment system, although both new heroin entrants and injecting show declines. The European early warning system now monitors more than 450 new psychoactive substances.
Link to AbstractThe UK Public Health Responsibility Deal alcohol labelling pledge has not been fully met. Labelling information frequently falls short of best practice, with font and logos smaller than would be accepted on other products with adverse health effects.
Link to AbstractGreater off-premises outlet density is related to greater incidence of traumatic injury. Chain outlets appear to be most strongly associated with traumatic injury rates.
Link to AbstractHigher densities of alcohol outlets in an adolescent's immediate neighbourhood are related to increased likelihood of alcohol consumption. The density of licensed clubs is associated more strongly with drinking for urban than for regional adolescents.
Link to AbstractAmong primary care patients undergoing methadone treatment, risk of all-cause mortality increases following treatment cessation, and is highest in the initial 4-week period.
Link to AbstractAmericans view the problem of opioid pain reliever abuse as serious, and support nearly all policies recommended by experts to curb the epidemic.
Link to AbstractAn inexpensive and easily implemented educational intervention on risks associated with drug injection reduces significantly unsafe HIV-HCV transmission practices and injection-related complications.
Link to AbstractA new, synthesized research approach identifies promising components for every phase of smoking treatment. Many intervention components interact with one another.
Link to AbstractMotivation-phase nicotine gum and behavioral reduction counseling are promising intervention components for smokers who are initially unwilling to quit.
Link to AbstractPreparation counseling and the combination of intensive cessation in-person counseling with preparation nicotine gum or patch are promising intervention components for smoking.
Link to AbstractTwenty-six weeks of nicotine patch/gum (versus 8 weeks) and maintenance counseling provided by phone are promising intervention components for the cessation and maintenance phases of smoking treatment.
Link to AbstractMental health disorders are more likely in young adults with polysubstance use disorders than those with alcohol/cannabis use disorders.
Link to AbstractThe history of Coolmine Therapeutic Community, Ireland's first voluntary drug treatment service in 1973, reflects changing perceptions of appropriate addiction treatment and appropriate funding relationships between statutory authorities and service providers.
Link to AbstractMore parental drinking is associated with more drinking in offspring, but a causal connection has not yet been established.
Link to AbstractSmoking prevalence is higher among people enrolled in addiction treatment compared with the general population. Within that group, smoking rates are higher in people being treated for opiate dependence compared with people being treated for alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractThe computer self-administered Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test appears to be a valid way to identify substance use in primary care patients.
Link to AbstractTwin data from Finland show that monthly alcohol consumption and alcohol-induced blackouts are important factors leading to increased deaths in heavy drinkers.
Link to AbstractTrends in alcohol-attributable mortality differ according to the upper age limit used for the estimates.
Link to AbstractIncreasing parents' restrictive attitudes to youth drinking appears to reduce heavy underage drinking regardless of gender, immigrant status, parents' and peers' alcohol use and parent-youth relationship quality.
Link to AbstractUnhealthy alcohol use among Ugandan adults entering HIV care declines prior to the start of anti-retroviral therapy but rebounds with time. The alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol increases detection of unhealthy alcohol use.
Link to AbstractTaking prescription or recreational drugs for pharmacological neuroenhancement is rare among Swiss employees and students (4.0%), with mood enhancement (3.1%) more prevalent than cognitive enhancement (1.4%).
Link to AbstractPatients who receive only psychological support for opioid dependence in England appear to be at greater risk of fatal opioid poisoning than those who receive pharmacotherapy.
Link to AbstractPeople with a history of injecting drug use and chronic hepatitis C virus attending opioid substitution treatment and community health clinics adhere to, and respond to, interferon-based therapy similarly to other populations.
Link to AbstractContrary to previous reports, increased gambling losses appear to increase gambling-related harms according to a linear or r-shaped function, not a j-shaped function.
Link to AbstractMultiple Quit & Win contests appear to increase smoking abstinence rates in college students more than single contests.
Link to AbstractIn middle-income countries such as Thailand, nortriptyline and varenicline appear to provide cost-effective clinical options to help smokers quit.
Link to AbstractA new waterpipe tobacco smoking dependence scale created by adapting traditional tobacco dependence measures appears to be a valid tool for measuring dependence.
Link to AbstractFinancial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy are highly cost-effective.
Link to AbstractPeer interventions may help prevent tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents, but the evidence base is limited.
Link to AbstractEvidence to date suggests that in countries where it has been studied around 1 in 20 adults may suffer from compulsive buying.
Link to AbstractAs enforcement of drunk driving laws increases, alcohol-impaired crash fatalities decrease.
Link to AbstractThe income disparity in mortality among working-age Finns originates increasingly from alcohol-related causes of death.
Link to AbstractA programme to improve compliance with legal restrictions on serving alcohol in Bhutan had a modest effect, reducing illegal purchases from 80% to 66%.
Link to AbstractIt is likely to be cost-effective to establish at least three supervised injection facilities in Toronto, Canada and two in Ottawa, Canada.
Link to AbstractAmong female college students in the United States, being the victim of violence during a date appears to increase the risk for cannabis use the following day.
Link to AbstractInjection drug use and substance use disorders are important risk factors for death following release from prison.
Link to AbstractSelf-reported addiction to video gaming and internet use correlates better with problems associated with these activities than reports of heavy use of these products over time.
Link to AbstractHigher tobacco outlet density may increase life-time smoking among youths.
Link to AbstractE-cigarettes can deliver levels of nicotine that are comparable to or higher than typical tobacco cigarettes, with similar systemic retention, suggesting addictive potential.
Link to AbstractHaving a psychological disorder at the time of stopping smoking is a risk factor for relapse to smoking, even after more than 1 year of abstinence.
Link to AbstractBupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban) and varenicline (Chantix, Champix) appear to be effective and tolerable stop-smoking aids for adults with serious mental illnesses.
Link to AbstractBecause respiratory sinus arrhythmia appears to measure self-regulatory capacity, it may be a useful measure of underlying mechanisms in substance use disorder treatment studies.
Link to AbstractIn Australia between 2001 and 2010, alcohol-attributable death and illness increased without a corresponding increase in per capita alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractThe associations between age of first drinking and later alcohol/drug disorders appear to be partly accounted for by factors related to characteristics of the individual and family during childhood.
Link to AbstractSubstance use among adolescents in Iceland has declined steadily from 1997 to 2014, while primary prevention factors for substance use (e.g., parental monitoring, participation in organized sports) have increased in strength.
Link to AbstractThe cannabis-attributable burden of disease in Canada in 2012 included 55,813 years of life lost due to disability, caused mainly by cannabis use disorders.
Link to AbstractA 'qualitative realist' evaluation of an intervention for complex substance use disorders suggests that the programmes need to: have stakeholder input implement consistent eligibility criteria, rules and processes; and be introduced into stable treatment settings where relationships are trusting and patients and staff feel secure.
Link to AbstractUS public opinion holds that injection opioid misuse reduces quality of life more than prescription drug misuse, and methadone therapy reduces quality of life more than buprenorphine therapy.
Link to AbstractHospital-based harm reduction interventions for people who use drugs can potentially improve hospital care retention, promote patient-centered care and reduce adverse health outcomes among people who use drugs.
Link to AbstractThere are few differences in long-term outcomes between buprenorphine and methadone treatment for opioid dependence. Treatment with each medication is associated with a strong reduction in illicit opioid use.
Link to AbstractApproximately half of 8240 respondents in a Japanese internet survey were aware of e-cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products and 6.6% had tried them. Of that 6.6%, more than 70% used non-nicotine e-cigarettes, which are unregulated in Japan, and 33% used nicotine e-cigarettes, which are prohibited.
Link to AbstractA pharmacist-led multi-component stop-smoking intervention during hospital stay did not improve abstinence rates at 6 or 12 months compared with routine hospital care.
Link to AbstractIn an online survey of e-cigarette users, newer-generation e-cigarettes were perceived as more satisfactory and more effective for refraining from smoking than older models.
Link to AbstractHigher taxes, a proposed US FDA warning label for e-cigarettes, and a more severe warning label may discourage adult smokers from switching from cigarettes to e-cigarettes.
Link to AbstractBrief interventions in emergency care settings appear to have very small effects on alcohol consumption. More intensive interventions show no clear benefit over briefer ones.
Link to AbstractMotivational interviewing has not been found thus far to reduce adolescent use of illicit drugs.
Link to AbstractThe Alcohol Purchase Task appears to have good construct validity but limited incremental utility in estimating risk for alcohol problems.
Link to AbstractIn Canada, screening and brief intervention via Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Derived Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) to reduce heavy alcohol consumption appears to be cost-effective at AUDIT thresholds of 8 and lower and AUDIT-C thresholds of 7 and lower.
Link to AbstractIt appears to be cost-effective to incorporate a patient's partner into a patient's motivational intervention for alcohol misuse.
Link to AbstractAdolescent alcohol use appears to increase as parental control decreases and child secrecy increases.
Link to AbstractDrinking urges during out-patient behavioral treatment for alcohol use disorders may be maintained in part by alcohol consumption. Initiating abstinence is associated with reductions in drinking urges immediately and then more gradually over time.
Link to AbstractA pilot randomized controlled trial in a syringe exchange programme did not indicate effectiveness of a strength-based case management intervention to improve attendance for treatment over referral alone.
Link to AbstractAmong patients with opioid use disorder in Iran, sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone led to a greater number of opioid-negative urine tests and better treatment retention than oral naltrexone, but did not yield significantly greater initial abstinence duration or proportions with sustained abstinence.
Link to AbstractScotland's National Naloxone Programme has been associated with a 36% reduction in opioid-related deaths in the 4 weeks following prison release.
Link to AbstractPatients who persistently use buprenorphine for 12 months have a lower risk of all-cause hospitalizations/emergency department visits.
Link to AbstractAmong opioid-maintained smokers receiving an initial period of daily contingent incentives, contingent reinforcement appears to be more effective at extending smoking abstinence than noncontingent reinforcement over 10 weeks.
Link to AbstractThe association between childhood maltreatment and alcohol and nicotine dependence may be mediated in part by development of personality disorders.
Link to AbstractAmong adolescent boys, increased conduct disorder problems appear to increase the likelihood of later substance use, and increased alcohol use appears to increase the likelihood of later anxiety problems. Developmental turning points appear to be particularly sensitive periods for developing these patterns.
Link to AbstractIn the United States, 86% of people who report ever using cannabis for medicinal purposes also use it recreationally. People who use cannabis do not commonly use it with alcohol, irrespective of recreational or medical use.
Link to AbstractNearly half of women who stop smoking during pregnancy go back to smoking soon after the baby is born.
Link to AbstractRelease from drinking-age restrictions appears to be associated with increases in alcohol-impaired driving offences among young drivers in Canada.
Link to AbstractCraving for alcohol is associated strongly with alcohol use in the following week.
Link to AbstractIn motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy, and 12-Step facilitation therapy for alcohol use disorders, the therapists who explore and connect with clients appear to be more successful at eliciting discussion about change than therapists who engage in teaching behaviour.
Link to AbstractMen and women in Sweden who grew up during a period with more restrictive alcohol policies currently drink less alcohol than those who grew up during periods with more liberal policies.
Link to AbstractUsing law enforcement to reduce the number of medical marijuana dispensaries in California appears to have reduced crime in residential areas near to, but not in, these locations.
Link to AbstractConduct disorder symptoms in early adolescence appear moderately to predict substance use in early adulthood.
Link to AbstractHighly disadvantaged smokers' views on smoking involve contradictions between feeling that smoking cessation involves personal responsibility and feeling trapped by stressful life circumstances.
Link to AbstractThere appears to be a positive association between smoking and caffeine consumption in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
Link to AbstractE-cigarettes that use tank-type atomizers appear to deliver nicotine in more consistent quantities than electronic cigarettes that use cartomizers. The protocol for testing e-cigarette nicotine delivery consistency described in this paper could be used effectively for regulatory purposes.
Link to AbstractThemes that emerge in UK vapers' views about e-cigarettes are a need for youth protection, regulation as medicines, strength of e-liquids, bans on public vaping, and concerns about the misuse of scientific evidence.
Link to AbstractCocaine and alcohol dependence appear to be associated with marked disturbances of sleep architecture.
Link to AbstractIterative categorization (IC) is a simple but rigorous and transparent technique for analysing qualitative textual data, suitable for use with inductive and deductive codes and able to support a range of common analytical approaches.
Link to AbstractThe "How to Drink Properly" ad by Drinkwise in Australia may reinforce existing drinking attitudes and behaviours among young drinkers.
Link to AbstractThe anti-epileptic and analgesic medication gabapentin appears to be misused in many countries.
Link to AbstractTake-home naloxone reduces overdose mortality and has a low rate of adverse events.
Link to AbstractAlcohol consumption in early adolescence and young adulthood appears to be mostly influenced by gender-specific shared environmental factors (e.g. rearing influences, shared friends).
Link to AbstractA high-visibility enforcement campaign targeting underage drink driving appeared to reduce both underage driving after drinking among US college students and drink driving at any age.
Link to AbstractPeople who describe themselves as less frequent drinkers appear to under-report their drinking frequency substantially.
Link to AbstractIn the USA, recruits for randomized controlled trials of substance use disorder treatments tend to have more years of education and a greater likelihood of full-time work compared with people receiving care in routine clinical settings.
Link to AbstractPeople who inject drugs and also use a broad range of substances have more injecting-related injuries and poorer health outcomes and are more likely to engage in criminal activity than other groups of people who inject drugs.
Link to AbstractIn Spain, patients who acquire HIV infection through use of injected drugs appear to have a higher risk of late presentation, delayed initiation of anti-retroviral treatment and progression to AIDS and death than patients who acquire HIV by sexual transmission.
Link to AbstractIn Mexico, people who inject drugs are at greater risk of police violence if they consider themselves in need of addiction treatment, and their police interactions are more frequent around treatment centers.
Link to AbstractProactive telephone counselling is more effective than a self-help booklet in achieving prolonged smoking abstinence for 12 months.
Link to AbstractIn the UK between 2013 and 2014, governments and tobacco control advocates frequently commented on e-cigs in UK-wide and Scottish national newspapers, most supporting e-cig regulation, but not agreeing on e-cig use in enclosed public spaces.
Link to AbstractSmoking reduction prior to a target quit date while on a smoking cessation medication may only predict subsequent abstinence when smokers are consciously attempting to reduce.
Link to AbstractIn US Veterans Administration patients using varenicline from smoking cessation prior to implementation of a 'black box' warning about neuropsychiatric side effects, the drug was not associated with an increase in hospitalization for mental health disorders compared with use of nicotine patches.
Link to AbstractDrinking guidelines and 'standard drink' definitions are inconsistent across the globe. The size of a standard drink varies by as much as 250% from country to country.
Link to AbstractTopiramate for cocaine dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Current evidence does not support the use of topiramate to improve treatment retention for cocaine use disorder.
Link to AbstractAcute cannabis intoxication is associated with a small but statistically significant increase in motor vehicle crash risk.
Link to AbstractDaily alcohol use appears to be an independent risk factor for HIV seroconversion among people who inject drugs.
Link to AbstractFemale alcoholics seem to have a higher prevalence than males of comorbid depression and anxiety disorders and tendency to drink in negative emotional situations.
Link to AbstractIn the US, people with substance or alcohol use disorders seem more willing to enter treatment in a primary care setting than in a specialty drug treatment centre.
Link to AbstractAmong adults with pain receiving addictions treatment, a psychological pain management intervention appears to reduce pain and alcohol use and improve pain-related functioning over 12 months.
Link to AbstractA universal online school-based prevention program appeared to reduce students' intentions to use new psychoactive substances (NPS) and increased knowledge about ecstasy and NPS in the short term.
Link to AbstractLonger (56-day) buprenorphine taper produces better opioid abstinence and retention outcomes than shorter (28-day) taper for opioid-dependent youth.
Link to AbstractBuprenorphine + naloxone, used in combination with naltrexone, may be associated with reductions in cocaine use among people with cocaine dependence.
Link to AbstractHigher severity problem gambling may be associated with higher neuroticism scores and lower conscientiousness and agreeableness scores in the Mini-International Personality Item Pool.
Link to AbstractSmokers with depressive symptoms or diagnosis make more quit attempts than their non-depressed counterparts but are likelier to relapse in the first month.
Link to AbstractMost people who stop smoking appear to be at no greater risk of developing symptoms of depression than if they had continued smoking.
Link to AbstractIn Britain, young adults are more likely to drink heavily both if they smoke and if they participate in tertiary education (college and university).
Link to AbstractThe putative effect of marijuana on working memory and the facilitative effect of tobacco on working memory are no longer present when used simultaneously with tobacco and alcohol, respectively.
Link to AbstractNalmefene, a drug used to treat alcohol problems, was licensed for use in the UK despite insufficient evidence to prove its effectiveness.
Link to AbstractA significant proportion of mental health professionals holds attitudes and misconceptions that may undermine the delivery of smoking cessation interventions.
Link to AbstractVarenicline appears to be significantly more effective than placebo for smoking cessation and reduction in people with severe mental illness, with no clear evidence of increased risk of psychiatric adverse events.
Link to AbstractEight types of drinking situation in Great Britain can be identified: mixed -location heavy drinking (10.4% of occasions), heavy drinking at home with a partner (9.4%), going out with friends (11.1%), get-together at someone's house (14.4%), going out for a meal (8.6%), drinking at home alone (13.6%), light drinking at home with family (12.8%) and light drinking at home with a partner (19.6%).
Link to AbstractElevated levels of emotional impulsivity (negative/positive urgency) may be what puts children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder at increased risk for alcohol problems in adulthood.
Link to AbstractThe overall decline in drinking in Australia during the past decade is due mainly to less drinking among people in their teens and early twenties.
Link to AbstractSexual minority adolescents in the US appear to exhibit increased heavy episodic drinking via an indirect socialization pathway, including affiliations with substance-using peers and sexual minority-related victimization.
Link to AbstractIn heroin-related deaths in Sydney, Australia during 2013 and 2014, 6-monoacetyl morphine (6MAM) was present in the blood in <50% of cases, suggesting that in >50% of those fatalities, survival time exceeded 20-30 minutes, giving sufficient time to intervene.
Link to AbstractUsing financial incentives to increase hepatitis B vaccination completion in people who inject drugs could be a cost-effective use of health-care resources in the UK as long as the incidence remains above 1.2%.
Link to AbstractAt-risk and problem gambling may be associated with concurrent and near-term future decreases in social functioning but possibly not longer-term trajectories in social functioning.
Link to AbstractIn focus group discussions, a sample of UK adolescents exposed to particular communications about e-cigarettes supported strict regulation of e-cigarettes, including banning sales to minors and use in indoor public areas.
Link to AbstractParents who smoke whose children have asthma are more likely to quit smoking after receiving motivational smoking cessation counselling following a teachable moment, such as witnessing their child experience an asthma attack).
Link to AbstractFour common measures of nicotine dependence (number of cigarettes per day, Fagerström Test score, frequency of urges, level of expired CO) predict short-term smoking abstinence during pregnancy and at end of pregnancy with similar predictive validity.
Link to AbstractThe construct of a substance use disorder syndrome for khat using DSM-5 criteria appears valid and performs in a manner consistent with other substances of dependence.
Link to AbstractGender is poorly reported in systematic reviews of population-level interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm, hindering assessment of the effects of such policies on women versus men.
Link to AbstractThere are substantial associations between young people reporting having seen smoking imagery in films and smoking initiation, whether assessed cross-sectionally or prospectively. It is not clear whether the association is causal.
Link to AbstractPlausible effects of legalizing recreational cannabis use in the United States include substantially reducing the price of cannabis and increasing heavy use and some types of cannabis-related harm among existing users. In the longer term it may also increase the number of new users.
Link to AbstractDegree of adolescent exposure to alcohol marketing appears to be associated with subsequent amount of alcohol use.
Link to AbstractMore than 40% of US military veterans have a lifetime history of alcohol use disorder, usually with a substantial comorbid psychiatric burden, including elevated rates of suicidal ideation and attempts.
Link to AbstractIn Sweden, alcohol-related disorders in both mothers and fathers are associated with lower school performance in their children at age 15-16 years.
Link to AbstractFinland and Denmark had a higher alcohol-attributed disease burden than Sweden and Norway from 1990-2013. Non-fatal conditions accounted for a higher proportion of disability-adjusted life years in Norway and Sweden than Finland and Denmark.
Link to AbstractCommon genetic factors appear to explain the association between low cognitive ability and subsequent risk of substance misuse events among Swedish men.
Link to AbstractGreater alcohol and marijuana use is associated with worse functioning in high school for all youth.
Link to AbstractOpioid use disorders are the most common type of drug use disorders in Iran.
Link to AbstractMisuse of codeine combination products appears to be increasing in Australia. Limited rescheduling in 2010 failed to curb this increase.
Link to AbstractIn France, the risk of transition from cannabis initiation to daily use has remained consistently higher among less educated cannabis initiators over three generations.
Link to AbstractFor men in their early 20s, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a risk factor for continued heavier use of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis and initiating use of cannabis, stimulants, hallucinogens and sedatives, independent of conduct disorder in early adolescence.
Link to AbstractPeople with binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa are significantly more likely to be life-time smokers than healthy controls.
Link to AbstractRegular cannabis users have attentional biases towards cannabis cues that appear to be greater relative to non-users than perceptions of craving for the drug.
Link to AbstractGiving primary health-care units training, support and financial reimbursement for delivering AUDIT-C-based screening and advice to heavy drinkers increases screening for alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractThe privatization of liquor sales in Washington, USA in 2012 resulted in a significant increase in sales in bordering counties in Oregon and Idaho with little change to the amount of alcohol sales and revenue in Washington.
Link to AbstractTwo behavioral assessment tools that measure spending on alcohol, the Alcohol Purchase Task and the Alcohol-Savings Discretionary Expenditure index, appear to be reliable in assessing drinking problem severity.
Link to AbstractYoung people in secondary education in Denmark who report perceived parental alcohol problems have significantly higher odds of internalizing problems and poorer parent-child relationships compared with young people without perceived parental alcohol problems.
Link to AbstractIn clinical settings, baseline AUDIT-C scores and score increases to moderate-severe alcohol misuse at follow-up screening appear to predict higher HDL cholesterol, alcohol-related gastrointestinal hospitalizations and physical trauma.
Link to AbstractPeople who inject prescription opioids in inner-city areas of Montréal, Canada are more likely to engage in injecting-related risk behaviours and have a higher risk of hepatitis C virus infection than those who live in the suburbs.
Link to AbstractEssential/precursor chemical controls in the USA (2006) and Mexico (2007) were associated with large, extended reductions in cocaine and methamphetamine users in the USA.
Link to AbstractWomen who start using cannabis during adolescence appear to be more likely to report voluntary engagement in repeated unprotected sex than women who never use cannabis or who initiate cannabis use after adolescence.
Link to AbstractNew-onset non-medical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) is a strong risk factor for heroin initiation among HIV-infected and uninfected veterans in the United States who reported no previous history of NMUPO or illicit opioid use.
Link to AbstractE-cigarette use in the European Union appears to be largely confined to current or former smokers, while current use and nicotine use by people who have never smoked is rare.
Link to AbstractA new method of calculating the use of drug treatment estimates that between 202,168 and 232,419 Australians received alcohol and other drug treatment in 2011-12.
Link to AbstractCannabis and alcohol use are associated with higher levels of impulsivity (both), hostility (cannabis) and positive affect (alcohol) in daily life.
Link to AbstractBuprenorphine treatment of opioid use disorder during pregnancy appears to result in lower risk of preterm birth, greater birth weight and larger head circumference compared with methadone treatment, and no greater harms.
Link to AbstractCompared with satiated smokers, acutely abstinent smokers display higher delay discounting, lower response inhibition, and impaired arithmetic and recognition memory performance.
Link to AbstractCurrent US Food and Drug Administration guidance to use heavy drinking as indicative of treatment 'failure' does not to take into account substantial psychological and social improvements made by individuals who continue occasionally to drink heavily post-treatment.
Link to AbstractAdolescents and young adults in the USA appear to have higher rates of alcohol use and binge drinking onset associated with higher exposure to alcohol advertisements using a partying theme, independently of exposure to alcohol advertisements with non-party themes.
Link to AbstractNon-dependent consumers of alcohol appear to develop a behavioral preference for locations paired with alcohol consumption, more so for those who experience sedative effects from alcohol in those locations.
Link to AbstractThe non-medical use of prescription opioids, sedatives, stimulants and tranquilizers appears to peak during late adolescence. The developmental course of non-medical use is not the same among all four classes of drugs.
Link to AbstractCommunity pharmacists in Australia appear to be willing to supply naloxone but have low levels of knowledge about naloxone pharmacology and administration.
Link to AbstractWhile perceived harmfulness of marijuana use appears to be decreasing nationally among adolescents in the USA, the passage of medical marijuana laws (MML) has been associated with increases in perceived harmfulness among young adolescents and marijuana use has decreased among those who perceive marijuana to be harmful after passage of MML.
Link to AbstractAmong UK men, self-reports of problem/pathological gambling are predictive of violent behaviour after adjusting for alcohol and drug dependence, comorbid mental disorder and impulsivity.
Link to AbstractAmong smokers volunteering to smoke only very low nicotine cigarettes for 6 weeks, non-compliance was common and biochemical assessments detected more cases of non-compliance than self-report. Despite this, smokers reduced their intake of nicotine by an average of 60%.
Link to AbstractA combined student-parent smoking prevention intervention delivered via secondary schools in Berlin, Germany, did not significantly reduce regular smoking compared with a control group or a student-only intervention. The student-only intervention did not significantly reduce regular smoking compared with the control group.
Link to AbstractUse of Bayes factors when analysing data from randomized trials of interventions in addiction research can provide information allowing more precise conclusions than are typically obtained using current methods.
Link to AbstractThe introduction of plain packaging of cigarettes in Australia did not deter the introduction of new brands and variants of cigarettes.
Link to AbstractThe epidemiological literature in the past 20 years shows that cannabis use increases the risk of accidents and can produce dependence, and that there are consistent associations between regular cannabis use and poor psychosocial outcomes and mental health in adulthood.
Link to AbstractAntidepressant medication has a small overall effect in reducing depression in young patients with combined depressive and substance-use disorders, but does not appear to improve substance use outcomes.
Link to AbstractImplementation of politically palatable but ineffective state alcohol policies increased during 1999-2011 in the United States, while the most effective policies remained underused.
Link to AbstractHigher childhood alcohol expectations of positive effects predict earlier onset of problem drinking. Onset of alcohol use is followed by an increase in the rate of development of positive expectancies.
Link to AbstractThe HERMITAGE HIV risk reduction intervention does not appear to reduce sexually transmitted infections and HIV risk behaviours in Russian HIV-infected heavy drinkers compared with simply providing standard care and attention.
Link to AbstractStimulating effects of alcohol are common in Chinese male binge drinkers, as has been found in Caucasians, but alcohol appears to be less rewarding.
Link to AbstractIn the general population, co-occurring polysubstance abuse explains most of the relatively strong association between any anabolic androgenic steroid use and conviction for a violent crime.
Link to AbstractHIV infection continues to have a persistent association with mortality rates among people who inject drugs in settings with free HIV/AIDS care, although causes of death have shifted markedly from infectious and AIDS-related causes to non-AIDS-related causes.
Link to AbstractDecreases in methamphetamine purity-adjusted price along with the bimodality of crystal methamphetamine purity may account for some of the recent increase in methamphetamine-related harm in Victoria, Australia. For a given amount spent, methamphetamine purchase power has increased and the presence of extreme purity variations may challenge individuals' control of consumption.
Link to AbstractOn-site rapid hepatitis C virus and HIV testing in substance abuse treatment programs is cost-effective at a <$100,000/ quality-adjusted life year threshold in the US.
Link to AbstractWhen assessed at the general population level, female gamblers do not appear to show a telescoped disordered gambling trajectory (showing a later age at initiation of gambling but a shorter time from initiation to disorder) compared with male gamblers.
Link to AbstractIn the USA, density of tobacco outlets within 500 meters of the home residence appears to be negatively associated with smoking abstinence and pro-cessation attitudes only in poor areas.
Link to AbstractThe difference in smoking prevalence between rich and poor people is greater in more affluent countries.
Link to AbstractPlain packaging may reduce smoking rates in current smokers by reducing the extent to which the package acts as an unconscious trigger for smoking urges.
Link to AbstractMaternal smoking and low mother-child warmth may lead to alcohol, mental health and comorbid disorders at age 21.
Link to AbstractPropensity to anxiety appears to lead to alcohol problems in part through drinking to deal with negative emotions.
Link to AbstractEarly alcohol use and intoxication may be partly responsible for adult alcohol- and drug-related problems and antisocial behaviour.
Link to AbstractWomen have a higher risk of injury than men after more than three drinks.
Link to AbstractCompared with non-carriers, adolescents carrying the 5-HTTLPR low-activity allele are more susceptible to the effects of family conflict on alcohol misuse.
Link to AbstractIn the United States, the density of alcohol outlets in a county is positively correlated with alcohol-related suicide, especially among American Indians/Alaska Natives.
Link to AbstractAmong Norwegian adults in the second half of life, increased drinking frequency appears to be associated with a small reduction in usual quantity, and a small increase in frequency of drinking to intoxication.
Link to AbstractThere are distinct drug using and craving environments among urban drug users, which may provide a framework for developing real-time context-sensitive interventions
Link to AbstractWeight gain from smoking cessation is caused by an increase in muscle mass and bone density as well as an increase in fat.
Link to AbstractOn current projections, smoking will continue to kill hundreds of thousands of people in Northern Europe each year for the foreseeable future.
Link to AbstractThe introduction of varenicline in the United States coincided with a net increase in attempts to quit smoking and, among these, a net increase in use of stop-smoking medications.
Link to AbstractStimulants users are more likely to have prolonged sessions of heavy alcohol consumption and a range of risk-taking behaviours on a night out than those who do not use stimulants.
Link to AbstractPrevious studies suggest the new DSM-5 criteria for alcohol use disorder (AUD) will increase the apparent prevalence of AUD. However, in a high-risk sample of young Swiss males, prevalence of AUD as diagnosed by DSM-5 was slightly lower than prevalence of DSM-IV diagnosis of dependence plus abuse.
Link to AbstractWhen examining the association between alcohol taxes and binge drinking, use of more specific tax measures, incorporating both volume-based taxes and value-based taxes, shows stronger associations than generic measures.
Link to AbstractThe association between educational status and alcohol-related morbidity and mortality is only driven by familial factors to a small degree.
Link to AbstractGenetic influences on alcohol problems involve genes underpinning both nervous system functioning and physiological functions outside the nervous system.
Link to AbstractAmong men in Finland, the first drunk-driving conviction constitutes a significant life event that appears to increase the likelihood of financial problems and divorce.
Link to AbstractIn a randomised controlled trial, supervised injectable heroin treatment and supervised injectable methadone treatment showed no benefit over optimized oral methadone in terms of wider drug use, crime, and physical and mental health within a 6-month period, despite achieving a greater reduction in street heroin use.
Link to AbstractProblem gamblers in Australia who seek web-based counselling comprise four distinct subgroups based on self-reported levels of readiness to change, confidence to resist the urge to gamble, and importance of change.
Link to AbstractIn Hong Kong, the risk of death from smoking appears to be the same for Chinese women as it is for men. Half of all deaths in Chinese smokers aged 65 years and older and a quarter of all deaths in Chinese smokers aged 85 years and older are caused by smoking-attributable diseases.
Link to AbstractSmokers who have tried to quit in the past year are more likely to try to quit again within 6 months regardless of whether they used a pharmacological aid, and they are more likely to re-try aids they had used previously.
Link to AbstractLow positive affect (low experience of positive feelings or emotions) for females, and high negative affect (high experience of negative feelings or emotions) for both males and females increases the risk of adolescents taking up smoking.
Link to AbstractAt least 20% of the variance in the generalized vulnerability to substance dependence is attributable to common genetic variations.
Link to AbstractExcessive alcohol consumption is associated with a substantial proportion of adolescent homicides in Johannesburg, South Africa, especially among male and older adolescent victims and in victims killed with sharp instruments over the weekends and during the evenings.
Link to AbstractIn urban settings in Norway, over-serving of alcohol in drinking establishments appears to occur frequently and increases in the presence of poor lighting, loud music and high intoxication level among patrons.
Link to AbstractIn young people, environmental factors explain beliefs about the social and behavioural consequences of alcohol use before they experience drinking for the first time whereas genetic factors explain an increasing proportion of the variance in these beliefs after drinking onset.
Link to AbstractAmong young adults in Switzerland, individual alcohol consumption appears to increase with the number of friends in the drinking group.
Link to AbstractUnsurprisingly, Australian adolescents who use multiple psychoactive drugs or who mainly use alcohol us are less likely to complete school than adolescents who do not use drugs.
Link to AbstractIn Finland, benzodiazepine use among mothers is reduced during pregnancy and the child's first year, and then increases as the child grows older. Mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric disorders are at particularly high risk of benzodiazepine use.
Link to AbstractAlthough retention rates for buprenorphine treatment have improved in New South Wales, Australia, individuals starting methadone treatment still show higher retention rates.
Link to AbstractIn England, both cannabis and tobacco use in adolescence are associated strongly with subsequent adverse educational outcomes, including low standardised test scores and leaving school with no qualifications.
Link to AbstractFirst- and second-generation electronic cigarettes appear to be similarly effective in reducing urges to smoke during abstinence, but second-generation devices appear to be more satisfying to users.
Link to AbstractIn the UK, pregnant smokers enrolled in an incentive scheme to quit smoking appeared to achieve prolonged cessation rates comparable to those reported in US trials.
Link to AbstractAdolescents in the UK who notice tobacco point-of-sale displays more often and recognise a higher number of tobacco brands appear to have an increased risk of becoming susceptible to smoking. (People who are susceptible to smoking intend to try smoking and are likely to smoke if offered a cigarette.)
Link to AbstractPopular YouTube music videos watched by a large number of British adolescents, particularly girls, include significant tobacco and alcohol content, including branding.
Link to AbstractA review of experimental studies confirms that feeling bad increases intensity of smoking.
Link to AbstractCurrent and lifetime prevalence estimates of alcohol dependence in China measure 2.2% and 3.7%, respectively, approaching those of the Netherlands, USA, and other Western countries.
Link to AbstractAbility to resist drinking when feeling bad could be what is driving the link between poorer mental health, impulsiveness and tendency to drink alone in adolescents.
Link to AbstractAdolescents who show worsening inattention symptoms as they grow older and delinquency tend to have increased levels of substance use in early adulthood.
Link to AbstractMethadone maintenance treatment patients in Wuhan, China show a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus at admission (72.1%) and a high rate of seroconversion during treatment (46.3%). Seroconversion is associated with continuing injection drug use.
Link to AbstractIn the United States, controls of chemicals critical to cocaine manufacture from 1989 to 2006 seemed to be highly effective in reducing cocaine availability.
Link to AbstractMale long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid misusers tend to experience prolonged low testosterone levels when they stop using the drugs leading to substantial effects on sexual functioning.
Link to AbstractA brief motivational interviewing intervention was more effective than a brief educational intervention in reducing some high risk drug injecting behaviours in the 6 months following the intervention.
Link to AbstractUsing the DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing Internet gaming disorder (IGD), symptoms related to "giving up other activities," "tolerance" and "withdrawal" seem to be most relevant for diagnosing IGD in German students aged 13-18 years.
Link to AbstractA school-based educational intervention for secondary school students in Catalonia, Spain was not found to lead to a noticeable reduction of smoking, confirming yet again the limitations of this kind of approach.
Link to AbstractSecond-generation e-cigarettes (those involving refillable cartridges and looking less like cigarettes) seem to be more effective in reducing symptoms of nicotine withdrawal than do first-generation e-cigarettes.
Link to AbstractAmong vapor store customers in the US who use electronic nicotine delivery devices to stop smoking, vaping longer, using newer generation devices, and using non-tobacco and non-menthol flavoured e-liquid appear to be associated with higher rates of smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractA major new global report on addictive behaviour shows that the harm to society from legal drugs far outweighs the harm from illicit drugs: 240 million people have an alcohol use disorder and more than 1 billion people smoke tobacco.
Link to AbstractBoth acamprosate and naltrexone appear to reduce the risk of alcohol-dependent individuals returning to drinking.
Link to AbstractDiagnostic validity improves when using 'harmful dysfunction' diagnostic criteria compared with standard DSM criteria, partly by reducing misdiagnosis of teenage transient drinkers.
Link to AbstractAmong US college students, all drinkers exhibit greater risks for physiological problems related to alcohol use (hangover, nausea, memory loss, etc.) when drinking greater amounts of alcohol, but heavier drinkers exhibit fewer problems for each additional drink consumed than light and moderate drinkers.
Link to AbstractA 1-hour extension of alcohol outlet closing times in some of Amsterdam's nightlife areas was associated with 34% more alcohol-related injuries.
Link to AbstractAdult and youth drinking in Sweden were synchronized closely during the two last decades of the 20th century, but youth drinking developed an independent trajectory shortly before 2000.
Link to AbstractWhen more than half of all exchanged syringes in a population of injecting drug users (IDU) are contaminated by hepatitis C virus, it is most efficient to treat low-risk IDU first. Below this threshold, it is most efficient to treat high-risk IDU first.
Link to AbstractIn an 11-year follow-up of patients undergoing treatment for heroin dependence in Australia, 10.2% had died and almost half were still in treatment. The proportion still using heroin had fallen to a quarter, with major depression being a significant predictor of continued use.
Link to AbstractIn people with opiate dependence, detoxification and methadone maintenance treatment both independently reduce the immediate risk of death.
Link to AbstractExtended-release naltrexone is associated with significantly lower rates of opioid relapse among men in the United States following release from jail when compared with a no medication treatment-as-usual condition.
Link to AbstractBeing recently in receipt of substance use disorder treatment is associated with reduced chances of stopping smoking.
Link to AbstractVarenicline appears to be better at helping women stop smoking than does nicotine patch.
Link to AbstractPerson-specific cues for substance abuse (e.g. places associated with use) appear to be powerful triggers for craving and relapse and to persist for longer than more general cues relating to taking drugs.
Link to AbstractBrief interventions appear to be effective in reducing weekly alcohol consumption by hazardous and harmful drinkers at 6 and 12 month follow-up in both primary health care and emergency department trials.
Link to AbstractLower educational level is markedly associated with increased risk of alcohol-related hospitalisation among men and women in Finland.
Link to AbstractThe alcohol prevention programme Preventure appears to have little or no effect on overall prevalence of binge drinking in adolescents in the Netherlands but may reduce the development of binge drinking over time.
Link to AbstractParental histories of antisocial personality and illicit substance use disorders are associated with increased risk for cannabis use disorder onset in offspring.
Link to AbstractIn the first year of the pilot "Payment by Results for Drugs Recovery" scheme in England, linking payments to outcomes reduced the probability of completing drug misuse treatment and increased the proportion service users declining to continue with treatment.
Link to AbstractDuring a period of economic recession in Spain, heavy drinking decreased and binge drinking increased. Sporadic cannabis use increased among older unemployed men and women. Heavy use of hypnotics/sedatives increased among employed men while older women increased use irrespective of employment status.
Link to AbstractThe stimulant 4-fluoroamphetamine is increasingly popular in the Netherlands, which might be due to its subjective effects profile, which lies between amphetamine and MDMA.
Link to AbstractCases of foreign body pulmonary embolization (resulting from injecting crushed tablets meant for oral use, such as benzodiazepines and pharmaceutical opioids) in Sydney, Australia increased markedly from 1997 to 2013.
Link to AbstractIn the United States, incarceration of people who had previously stopped injecting drugs appears to be associated with an increased risk of subsequent injecting.
Link to AbstractDaily use of e-cigarettes while smoking appears to be associated with subsequent increases in rates of attempting to stop smoking and reducing smoking, but not with smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractAmong high school seniors in the United States, taking up occasional and experimental smoking increased from 1976 to 2005. Smoking uptake remained most likely to occur at age 19/20, but prevalence of uptake at older ages increased.
Link to AbstractVarenicline does a better job than placebo at getting smokers to quit after they have failed to stop smoking on their target quit date. Relapse rates from end of treatment to 52 weeks are similar in varenicline and placebo treated smokers.
Link to AbstractIntegrated cognitive behavioral therapy may improve drug-related outcomes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sufferers with substance use disorder more than drug focused counseling but probably not by reducing PTSD symptoms to a greater extent.
Link to AbstractEngland's Public Health Responsibility Deal alcohol pledges do not reflect the most effective evidence-based strategies to reduce alcohol-related harm.
Link to AbstractIn cohort studies on drug injection initiation, study participants with higher risk of starting injection drop out at a higher rate than other participants, which can produce a false impression of decline in the incidence of drug injection in studies that use long follow-up periods.
Link to AbstractAmong people treated for alcohol use disorder, being in physical pain appears to predict heavy drinking lapses during or after treatment.
Link to AbstractThere is a high degree of stability over time in the drinking patterns of German adolescents and young adults with those who are abstinent at one time being very likely to be abstinent years later, and those with risky drinking patterns maintaining those patterns over time.
Link to AbstractCocaine-related stimuli appear to decrease inhibitory control in cocaine users at short (100 and 200 ms) stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs: the amount of time between the start of one stimulus and the start of another stimulus), but not at longer (300, 400 and 500 ms) SOAs.
Link to AbstractThe number of undiagnosed hepatitis C virus-infected cases in Scotland appears to be particularly high among those who are over 35 and have injected drugs more than 1 year ago.
Link to AbstractCommunity naloxone distribution programs are capable of reaching sizeable populations of high-risk individuals and facilitating large numbers of overdose reversals.
Link to AbstractRapid transition (within one week) from first to second use of cannabis is associated with increased likelihood of subsequent daily cannabis use and abuse/dependence.
Link to AbstractIt is estimated that treatment services for opioid use prevent about 880 fatalities from overdose per year in England.
Link to AbstractHIV-positive people in methadone maintenance therapy who receive higher doses of methadone are more likely to stick with their antiretroviral therapy than those receiving lower doses.
Link to AbstractA modification of Kendler's model for major depression provides a foundation for a comprehensive developmental model of pathological gambling.
Link to AbstractE-cigarettes generate high levels of aldehydes only in 'dry puff' conditions that e-cigarette users typically detect and avoid.
Link to AbstractBrief advice from a healthcare worker, telephone helplines, automated text messaging, printed self-help materials, cytisine and nortriptyline are globally affordable healthcare interventions to promote and assist smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractThere is no clear evidence currently that brief alcohol interventions increase uptake of treatment for alcohol use disorder.
Link to AbstractWhen they are intoxicated with alcohol people say that they would pay more for a drink and consume more drinks if they were free.
Link to AbstractFrequent drinkers' expectations that drinking will enhance sociability or reduce tension influence their perceptions of pleasure and relief from drinking.
Link to AbstractTrends in alcohol-attributable mortality in Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Norway and Sweden clearly differed between 1980 and 2009. It appears that country-specific events simultaneously affected all age groups and cohorts in the respective countries.
Link to AbstractIn Athens, Greece, the ARISTOTLE intervention for identifying HIV-positive people among people who inject drugs (PWID) facilitated rapid identification of a hidden population experiencing an outbreak.
Link to AbstractIn spontaneously reported adverse events, methadone is associated with disproportionately high reporting of cardiac arrhythmias, whereas buprenorphine is not.
Link to AbstractAmong primary care patients in the US who use illicit psychoactive drugs, abstinence but not reduction in use appears to be associated with decreased adverse drug use consequences.
Link to AbstractIn England, children's exposure to second-hand smoke has declined by approximately 80% since 1998. The proportion of children living in a home reported to be smoke-free increased from 63% in 1998 to 87.3% in 2012.
Link to AbstractAmong smokers in Florida, USA, racial/ethnic differences in distress before starting cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for smoking cessation were eliminated at the end of treatment, driven by improvements among African American and Hispanic people. Tackling distress through CBT may be important in eliminating racial/ethnic disparities in smoking cessation.
Link to AbstractPeople who don't respond to health surveys in Denmark have an increased risk of alcohol-, drug- and smoking-related mortality and morbidity compared with respondents.
Link to AbstractWhile more than three-quarters of US dentists report that they ask their patients about substance misuse, two-thirds do not think it is part of their professional role.
Link to AbstractSocial networks appear to be important in both promoting and preventing substance use in disadvantaged young adults in the USA.
Link to AbstractSome alcohol corporations use pink ribbons and other breast cancer-related media to help promote a product that contributes to cancer disease and early death.
Link to AbstractIn smokers trying to quit, more frequent ecological momentary assessment self-monitoring (real-time reports in subjects' natural environments) results in lower craving, anxiety, anger, hunger and positive affect.
Link to AbstractA retrospective decade-based Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) grid administered in older age provides a relatively reliable measure of alcohol consumption across the life course.
Link to AbstractLegislative reforms introduced in New South Wales, Australia between 2008 and 2012 to restrict trading hours and conditions of licensed alcohol premises may have reduced police-recorded incidences of actual bodily harm and grievous bodily harm by 31.27% and 39.70% respectively.
Link to AbstractA brief intervention delivered by community pharmacists in London, UK appears to have had no effect in reducing hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption.
Link to AbstractAdolescents in affluent parts of Oslo reported higher levels of alcohol use and more frequent alcohol intoxication than did those in more disadvantaged areas.
Link to AbstractHousing First, an intervention to support recovery for homeless people who have co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorders, did not reduce daily substance use compared with treatment as usual after 12 or 24 months.
Link to AbstractPrison-based opioid substitution therapy is unlikely to reduce the very high drug-related death risk in the first 2 weeks after prison release.
Link to AbstractTrained school staff can deliver personality-targeted interventions to delay marijuana use onset aong a subset of high-risk teenagers called sensation-seekers.
Link to AbstractAmong people who inject drugs, use of alcohol, sedative-hypnotics and cannabis, but not cocaine, amphetamine or opioids, appears to be associated with an increased likelihood of later attempted suicide.
Link to AbstractOpiate users in urban Scotland repeatedly report harm caused by naloxone over-antagonism, although this is not evident in observational data.
Link to AbstractWhile high motivation and determination to quit are necessary to prompt an attempt to quit smoking, demographic factors (marital status, reading level, level of social deprivation) and level of nicotine dependence are more important for maintaining abstinence.
Link to AbstractProgressively reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes may not lead smokers to quit
Link to AbstractA multi-component intervention tailored to college students and managed by a nurse is effective in helping college students quit smoking.
Link to AbstractThe alcohol industry's opposition to marketing regulation centres on claims that the industry is responsible and that self-regulation is effective. There are considerable commonalities between tobacco and alcohol industry political activity.
Link to AbstractAlcohol-attributable injuries presenting in emergency departments are higher 1) for males than females, 2) for violence-related injuries compared with other types of injury, and 3) for countries with more detrimental drinking patterns compared with those with less detrimental patterns.
Link to AbstractAn internet-based brief intervention directed at harmful alcohol use among young men led to a reduction in self-reported alcohol consumption and AUDIT scores compared with a control condition involving assessment only.
Link to AbstractStronger alcohol legislation protects against heavy alcohol use in young Swiss men, but this protective effect is lost in individuals with high levels of sensation-seeking or having an antisocial personality disorder.
Link to AbstractThe 1999 change in New Zealand's minimum purchase age for alcohol from 20 to 18 years appears to have been associated with increased drinking and associated drinking problems among 16 to 19-year-olds.
Link to AbstractMortality risk among people who inject drugs is significantly greater in time-periods after an overdose attendance than outside these time-periods.
Link to AbstractA primary-care based, clinician-delivered brief intervention with follow-up coaching calls may decrease risky psychoactive drug use.
Link to AbstractHeavy cannabis use among Swedish men in late adolescence appears to be associated with unemployment and being in need of social welfare assistance in adulthood.
Link to AbstractSelf-report findings suggest drug use in Australian nightlife is common, although still very much a minority activity. Drug swabs indicate a higher prevalence of use (20%) than self-report (9%).
Link to AbstractPrenatal second-hand tobacco smoke exposure (e.g. from smoking by the pregnant smoker's partner) appears to be a risk factor for behavioural problems at age 11.
Link to AbstractNicotine metabolism appears to be faster during pregnancy; this faster metabolism is apparent from 18 to 22 weeks of pregnancy and appears to fall by 4 weeks after childbirth.
Link to AbstractE-cigarette users with positive expectancies of e-cigs have a greater likelihood of having quit smoking but lower likelihood of intention to quit e-cigs.
Link to AbstractAdult smokers have higher extraversion, higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness personality scores than non-smokers.
Link to AbstractA population-based multi-factorial life-style intervention in Denmark had sustained beneficial effects on smoking abstinence and binge drinking 5 years after its discontinuation.
Link to AbstractImplementation strategies for alcohol screening and brief interventions should combine patient-, professional- and organizational-orientated approaches and involve mid-level health professionals as well as physicians.
Link to AbstractRegions of Perth, Australia with greater off-premises alcohol sales and numbers of on-premises alcohol outlets, particularly those with extended trading hours, appear to have higher levels of alcohol-related injuries.
Link to AbstractDrinking guidelines based solely epidemiological paradigms lack relevance for UK drinkers, who control their alcohol intake according to their own knowledge and risk perceptions derived from experience.
Link to AbstractAdditive genetic effects on DSM-IV alcohol dependence criteria overlap; there appear to be common genetic effects across alcohol dependence symptoms.
Link to AbstractIn the UK, prior to alcoholic cirrhosis diagnosis, men are more likely than women to use health-care services and have their alcohol use recorded but women are more likely to receive alcohol brief interventions.
Link to AbstractThe average tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of the most popular herbal cannabis products in the Netherlands has decreased slightly since 2005.
Link to AbstractCocaine dependence-related neuroadaptations in the brain may increase impulsivity and increase the rate of cocaine relapse.
Link to AbstractA substantial level of remission from cannabis use disorders (CUDs), including non-abstinent remission, suggests that the nature of CUDs may be more unstable than reported previously.
Link to AbstractOpioid substitution treatment given on release from prison to people with a history of opioid dependence is cost-effective in reducing mortality in the first 6 months of release.
Link to AbstractEngaging in several different types of gambling in early adulthood appears to be a risk factor for emergence of problem gambling.
Link to AbstractSmokers who have a stroke in the insular cortex are more likely to quit smoking and experience fewer and less severe withdrawal symptoms than those with strokes in other parts of the brain.
Link to AbstractIn people who stopped smoking with behavioural support, a comprehensive self-help educational programme on handling high-risk situations for return to smoking did not reduce relapse.
Link to AbstractBoth ingredient-themed and industry-themed warnings on e-cigarette television ads reduce craving and purchase intent similarly similarly but have inconsistent effects on perceived risks.
Link to AbstractAdolescents with alcohol and marijuana substance use disorders may be hypersensitive to aversive internally generated stimuli (in the form of restricted breathing), which may lead to drug-seeking behaviour.
Link to AbstractRising alcohol consumption among women and progression of higher-consuming birth cohorts through the life course are key drivers of increased per capita alcohol consumption in the United Kingdom.
Link to AbstractBalance (an automated online alcohol intervention), added to a brief online screening intervention, may aid reduction in alcohol consumption compared with the screening intervention plus an educational booklet.
Link to AbstractFrom late adolescence to mid-life, women and men in Britain are most at risk for higher levels of alcohol consumption and problem drinking when they are not involved in family roles such as intimate cohabitation, marriage and parenthood.
Link to AbstractMethamphetamine-dependent individuals show disrupted risk-related processing in the brain, which may lead to risk-taking despite experiencing negative consequences.
Link to AbstractTake-home naloxone training for family members of heroin users increases opioid overdose-related knowledge and competence.
Link to AbstractTreatment-seeking substance use disorder patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at a very high risk for additional externalizing disorders such as borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder.
Link to AbstractAmong 30 European and North American countries, developing countries and less affluent youth have assumed the former (heavier) cannabis use pattern of richer countries and more affluent youth.
Link to AbstractA modification of Kendler's risk factor model for major depression provides a foundation for a comprehensive developmental model of cannabis use and cannabis use disorders.
Link to AbstractQuetiapine misuse appears to be common in people who inject drugs in urban Australia.
Link to AbstractEarly-onset and continued tobacco use appear to predict the development of a cannabis use disorder in adolescence, whereas early onset and continued alcohol use do not.
Link to AbstractIt appears to be cost-effective to add extended cognitive behaviour therapy to standard smoking cessation treatment for older smokers.
Link to AbstractAmong Australian twins, age at first drink and age at first gambling experience are influenced by distinct unique environmental factors, and the genetic and environmental underpinnings of both phenotypes differ in men and women.
Link to AbstractAmong intimate partners, male-to-female violence is linked to drinking away from home and female-to-male violence is linked to drinking at home.
Link to AbstractCombining cognitive behaviour therapy and motivational interviewing may be beneficial in treating people with alcohol problems and depression.
Link to AbstractThe local environment in terms of bar density and enforcement practices can influence amount of heavy drinking in adolescents.
Link to AbstractMore than two in five young Australian adults suffer from alcohol problems.
Link to AbstractEthyl glucuronide, especially in fingernails, may be useful for assessing amount of alcohol use.
Link to AbstractCurrent Internet alcohol vendor practices do not prevent sales to minors.
Link to AbstractMethylphenidate treatment reduces attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and the risk for relapse to substance use in criminal offenders with ADHD and substance dependence.
Link to AbstractTrial introduction of hepatitis C care and treatment in Australian opiate substitution therapy clinics may have encouraged alternative, 'non-addict' identities to rival the stigma of 'the drug user'.
Link to AbstractPeople suffering from methamphetamine dependence appear to have dysfunctional brain reward pathways.
Link to AbstractObtaining annual estimates of population drug use by waste water analysis requires large numbers of samples (more than 50) to be taken with careful selection of sites.
Link to AbstractOpiate use in pregnancy may retard fetal growth.
Link to AbstractToxin concentrations in the vapour from major electronic cigarette brands on sale in the United Kingdom are very low.
Link to AbstractSmokers in England who try to quit are three times more likely to succeed if they see a trained advisor than if they try by themselves but there appears to be no benefit from using nicotine replacement products such as gum or patches when bought from a shop with no professional support.
Link to AbstractBanning multi-buy promotions for alcohol in Scotland did not reduce alcohol purchasing in the short term.
Link to AbstractAlmost 80,000 deaths could be directly attributed to alcohol across the Americas between 2007 and 2009. Most of the deaths were in men and were from liver disease.
Link to AbstractThe United Kingdom's news focus on youth binge drinkers may be masking the wider issue of alcohol overconsumption across the broader population.
Link to AbstractUnited States college students who show a greater neural response to pictures of alcohol subsequently show larger increases in drinking and alcohol-related problems.
Link to AbstractSupervising patients' consumption of opioid maintenance medications (buprenorphine, methadone, etc.) for longer periods doesn't appear to improve patients' opioid use or retention in treatment programs.
Link to AbstractSevere childhood physical abuse is associated with an earlier initiation into drug use. Any level of abuse is associated with more extensive polydrug use.
Link to AbstractSlow-release oral morphine appears to be at least as effective as methadone in treating people with opioid use disorder.
Link to AbstractPrimarily in relation to 'filotimo' (a Greek concept that regulates behaviour towards one's family), the desire to restore one's spoiled identity plays a pivotal role in Greek problem drug users' decisions to stop drug use and seek treatment.
Link to AbstractEnvironmental factors appear to play a greater role in the co-occurrence of problem gambling and smoking and cannabis use than the co-occurrence of problem gambling and stimulant use.
Link to AbstractSome children and young people in the United Kingdom, irrespective of socio-economic status, may actively oppose parents' smoking in the home and car, although their influence may be limited by their position in the family and social norms.
Link to AbstractFollowing Australia's 2012 policy of plain packaging and larger pictorial health warnings on cigarette and tobacco packs, smoking in outdoor areas of cafés, restaurants, and bars declined, and fewer people made their packs clearly visible on tables.
Link to AbstractInitial subjective reactions to tobacco are associated with later nicotine dependence and cannabis use/dependence while initial subjective reactions to cannabis are only associated with cannabis use/dependence. The associations are partly genetic, suggesting common biological underpinnings.
Link to AbstractChildren who are maltreated are more likely to smoke as young adolescents. Children who are neglected are more likely to drink and smoke as young adolescents.
Link to AbstractSmoking bans in restaurants and bars in the United States, South America, Europe, and Australia have on average not had a detectable adverse economic impact on the hospitality industry.
Link to AbstractHaving more bars in a given area is associated with heavier drinking outside the home.
Link to AbstractWhen mental reserves needed for self-control are reduced, men tend to drink more while women tend to drink less. Raising self-awareness may counteract this effect in men.
Link to AbstractTraining trauma center providers to screen for alcohol problems and deliver brief advice may have a modest beneficial effect on alcohol use.
Link to AbstractA motivational intervention in an inpatient substance use disorder detox ward may increase engagement in 12-Step groups and reduce substance use.
Link to AbstractDrug buyers in the UK, USA, and Australia use the Silk Road for the same reasons that many people prefer online commerce (range, quality, convenience, ratings). The appeal of the Silk Road is affected by country-specific deterrents and market characteristics.
Link to AbstractAmong adolescents in urban primary care in the United States, a computer-delivered brief intervention appeared to prevent and reduce cannabis use.
Link to AbstractThere is a dose-related increase in violent behaviour during periods of methamphetamine use that cannot be explained by presence of psychotic symptoms.
Link to AbstractIndividuals with early-onset pathological gambling (PG) are likely to be male, never married, have lower income, belong to younger cohorts, and have a lower prevalence of mood disorders but higher prevalence of cluster B personality disorders than individuals with later-onset PG.
Link to AbstractMultiple distinct CHRNB3-CHRNA6 variants are genetic risk factors for nicotine dependence but not general substance dependence in African Americans and European Americans.
Link to AbstractAt least some experienced users of electronic cigarettes appear to be able to gain as much nicotine from their products as smokers typically get from cigarettes.
Link to AbstractIntensive telephone counseling tailored to smoking parents of primary school children can help them quit smoking and promote parenting practices that protect their children from adverse effects of smoking.
Link to AbstractA history of childhood maltreatment predicts persistent adult alcohol and nicotine dependence.
Link to AbstractLarge amounts of alcohol are produced globally that go unrecorded. Because this kind of alcohol is typically cheaper than licit alcohol, it may contribute to higher rates of heavy drinking.
Link to AbstractAmong Canadian youth, two indices of alcohol use (heavy episodic drinking and overall quantity) are more strongly correlated with each other into early adulthood than other indices of alcohol use. These two indices also together account for greater variance in alcohol-related problems in emerging adulthood than either frequency or quantity alone.
Link to AbstractIncreased alcohol taxes are associated with a reduction in sexually transmitted infections, especially among subpopulations with high disease burden such as non-Hispanic black people.
Link to AbstractModerate alcohol consumption appears to produce a tendency towards increased risk taking in deciding to drive while intoxicated, which can be mitigated by monitoring processes within small (4 to 6 person) groups.
Link to AbstractThe percentage of Australians aged 14-17 who do not drink alcohol increased from almost 33% in 2001 to over 50% in 2010.
Link to AbstractData on Norwegian youths show a link between heavy episodic drinking and deliberate self-harm.
Link to AbstractSwiss men appear to settle into steady patterns of cannabis use by their early 20s. The number of symptoms of cannabis use disorder, rather than the frequency of cannabis use, predicts cannabis-related health issues.
Link to AbstractSupport for implementation of supervised drug injection facilities in Ontario, Canada increased between 2003 and 2009, but at both time-points a majority still held mixed opinions.
Link to AbstractA street-recruited group of cocaine users in Spain showed a significant reduction in cocaine use over a period of 12-24 months. High consumption of alcohol and increasing use of other psychoactive drugs decreased the probability of reducing cocaine use.
Link to AbstractAmong methamphetamine-dependent individuals, paranoia appears to occur increasingly rapidly in the course of a session of methamphetamine use. Severity of methamphetamine dependence and antisocial personality disorder predicts methamphetamine-induced paranoia. A genetic polymorphism in dopamine β-hydroxylase is associated with methamphetamine-induced paranoia.
Link to AbstractLow and/or declining parental monitoring of children between the ages of 11 and 14 is associated significantly with problem gambling when those children reach young adulthood.
Link to AbstractGovernment-funded tobacco control television advertising shown in England between 2002 and 2010 was associated with reduced smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption.
Link to AbstractThe suspension of tobacco control mass media campaigns in England in 2012 appeared to markedly reduce calls to the quitline, use of the SmokeFree website and use of booklets but not attendance at Stop Smoking Services.
Link to AbstractTime between waking and the first cigarette of the day is correlated in daily and non-daily adolescent smokers with overall nicotine, and therefore carcinogen, intake.
Link to AbstractThe association between smoking during pregnancy and offspring smoking initiation does not appear to operate through in-utero exposure to tobacco.
Link to AbstractThe inter-relationship between depression and smoking in adolescence and early adulthood seems to be due to reciprocal causal associations.
Link to AbstractThe Healthy School and Drugs programme (a Dutch school-based prevention programme for early adolescents) had no detectable effect on alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use.
Link to AbstractA higher prevalence of alcohol problem use in adolescents who are gay, lesbian or bisexual is partly explained by increased rates of depression in this group.
Link to AbstractAlcohol policies that regulate the physical availability of alcohol are associated with reduced alcohol consumption in low- and middle-income countries.
Link to AbstractComputerized brief intervention can be an effective alternative to in-person brief intervention for addressing moderate drug use in primary care.
Link to AbstractAlthough smokers of strong cannabis alter their smoking behaviour to compensate for the higher strength, they still take in more THC than smokers of lower potency cannabis.
Link to AbstractAmong young African American men, catecholamine levels (which indicate the degree of life stress) interact positively with delay discounting (the tendency to choose smaller immediate rewards over larger postponed rewards) to forecast increases in drug use.
Link to AbstractChildren under 15 who experience second-hand an extraordinary traumatic event (such as a parent or sibling being assaulted, diagnosed with cancer, or dying) appear to have approximately twice the risk of developing a drug use disorder than those who do not.
Link to AbstractProblem gamblers make poor decisions under conditions of risk and ambiguity. Strategic (e.g. sports betting, poker) and non-strategic (e.g. electronic gaming machines) problem gamblers differed in decision-making and the underlying psychological processes associated with their decisions.
Link to AbstractSmoking, alcohol and cannabis use are influenced by aggregated genetic risk factors shared among these substances.
Link to AbstractAdolescent smoking prevalence has fallen dramatically in Norway, accompanied by a smaller increase in snus use (which has many of the same risk factors as smoking but to a lesser degree).
Link to AbstractEx-smokers in Hong Kong are happier than current smokers and people who have never smoked.
Link to AbstractSmokers who quit have progressively higher levels of physical activity in the years after quitting compared with continuing smokers.
Link to AbstractTailored self-help messages delivered alongside routine smoking cessation support in primary care may increase long-term abstinence compared with routine cessation support alone.
Link to AbstractA significant proportion of betel quid users in Asian communities meet the DSM-IV criteria for dependence.
Link to AbstractThe nicotine vaccine NicVAX does not appear to improve the chances of stopping smoking when given in addition to varenicline and behavioural support.
Link to AbstractThe nicotine vaccine NicVAX appears to produce no significant effects on brain activity in response to a nicotine challenge.
Link to AbstractWe don't yet know how to identify alcohol-dependent patients who will respond well to naltrexone, although family history and the genetic mutation OPRM1 Asn40Asp seem to be promising areas of research.
Link to AbstractOn average, three to four feedback/coaching sessions over a 6-month period sustain motivational interviewing skills used for substance use disorder treatment.
Link to AbstractFor people with psychosis, the most detrimental effect of alcohol consumption appears to be its effect on mood. Some of this effect seems to be reversible through drinking reduction.
Link to AbstractOpioid substitution therapy in prison and post-release could reduce mortality risk in the immediate post-release period.
Link to AbstractOpioid dependence is a substantial contributor to the global disease burden; North America, eastern Europe and southern sub-Saharan Africa are most strongly affected.
Link to AbstractAnalysis of water in the sewage system can be used to measure total illicit drug use more quickly and regularly than national surveys, and creates estimates where such data do not exist.
Link to AbstractMale abstinent heroin misusers appear to be more influenced by heroin-related stimuli (pictures of heroin and heroin-related paraphernalia) during decision-making than men with no history of heroin misuse.
Link to AbstractDepressive symptoms prior to quitting smoking appear to be associated with negative emotions once the quit attempt has started, which decreases their belief in their ability to quit, increases their urges to smoke, and their probability of lapse back to smoking.
Link to AbstractTobacco use of any kind in adolescence is associated with higher rates of substance use disorders.
Link to AbstractAdding prize-based contingency management (where a drug-free breath or urine sample provides a chance of winning a prize) to behavioural support for substance use disorders can increase short-term abstinence, but the effect does not appear to persist to 6 months.
Link to AbstractThe decrease in youth drinking in Sweden that occurred from 2000-12 occurred at all consumption levels, which is consistent with Skog's theory of the collectivity of drinking behaviour.
Link to AbstractDrinkers at all levels of consumption appear to move in concert, both up and down the consumption scale, in Finland, Norway and the United States, as predicted by Skog's theory of the collectivity of drinking cultures.
Link to AbstractThe observation that people who drink alcohol tend to have higher levels of cognitive ability does not appear to be due to any causal association.
Link to AbstractDocumented brief intervention in the US Veterans Health Administration was not associated with changes in drinking among outpatients with unhealthy alcohol use and repeat alcohol screening.
Link to AbstractRates of opioid-related deaths are increasing rapidly in Ontario, Canada, and are concentrated among the young.
Link to AbstractMethylphenidate may reduce concurrent methamphetamine use when provided as treatment for patients undergoing behavioural support for moderate to severe methamphetamine use disorder.
Link to AbstractThe amount of time spent fixating on cocaine-related images is a sensitive and stable measure of cocaine cue attentional bias (the tendency to attend more to cocaine-related images than neutral images) in cocaine-using adults.
Link to AbstractAs suggested by the Total Consumption Theory of gambling, aggregate spending by electronic gaming machine users predicts the prevalence of gambling-related harm in gaming venues.
Link to AbstractIn adolescent smokers, cigarette consumption predicts severity of nicotine dependence as defined by DSM-IV several years later.
Link to AbstractPeople attempting to quit smoking without professional help have approximately 60% greater odds of reporting success if they use e-cigarettes than if they use willpower alone or over-the-counter nicotine replacement products.
Link to AbstractUS smokers showed very little change in their smoking status when followed between 2001 and 2005.
Link to AbstractVarenicline can aid short-term smoking abstinence in methadone-maintained smokers.
Link to AbstractFrom surveys it seems that combining 'energy drinks' (containing caffeine) with alcohol increases levels of stimulation and reduces sedation but experimental studies involving relatively low doses have so far not borne this out.
Link to AbstractCountries with stricter restrictions on alcohol advertising have a lower prevalence of hazardous drinking.
Link to AbstractAlcohol industry sponsorship of sports in the UK seems to be associated with higher levels of hazardous drinking among the university students being sponsored.
Link to AbstractThe 'yesterday method' (in which respondents are asked to report alcohol consumption the preceding day) can reduce under-reporting of alcohol consumption in telephone surveys. Using this method in a Canadian survey, younger drinkers and low-risk drinkers underestimated their alcohol consumption more than older drinkers and medium and high-risk drinkers.
Link to AbstractThere is a significant increase in alcohol-related hospital admissions around the time of people's birthdays.
Link to AbstractIn Australia, in the first year after release, Indigenous ex-prisoners are more likely to die from alcohol-related causes but less likely to die of drug-related causes than are non-Indigenous ex-prisoners.
Link to AbstractWhen using their own cannabis in a naturalistic setting, people adjust the amount they roll in joints according to concentrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) but not cannabidiol (CBD).
Link to AbstractIn Australia, imprisonment appears to be a risk factor for hepatitis C virus transmission.
Link to AbstractEvidence from problem gambling questionnaires suggests that it may be better viewed as a categorical construct rather than a continuous dimension.
Link to AbstractPrenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking appears to be associated with a higher probability of experimenting with drugs during adolescence.
Link to Abstract'Future orientation' does not seem to be a strong predictor of success at stopping smoking.
Link to AbstractMany smokers in the United States avoid the full impact of state excise tax on the cost of smoking by buying cartons, using generic brands and buying from Indian reservations.
Link to AbstractAfter the introduction of tobacco control policies in the Netherlands in 2003, smoking prevalence rates decreased among all adolescents, but socio-economic inequalities in adolescent smoking increased.
Link to AbstractAllowing electronic cigarettes to compete with cigarettes in the market-place might decrease smoking-related morbidity and mortality. Regulating electronic cigarettes as strictly as cigarettes is not warranted on current evidence.
Link to AbstractDoctors who smoke appear to be less likely than non-smoking or ex-smoking doctors to counsel their patients to quit but more likely to refer them to smoking cessation programmes.
Link to AbstractThe association between early age of alcohol initiation and alcohol use disorders in later life does not reflect a causal relationship, but rather is due almost entirely to common genetic risk factors.
Link to AbstractYoung people share several perspectives regarding industry-driven alcohol marketing, including imperviousness to marketing, responsiveness to price and affordability and responsiveness to marketing that focuses on youth lifestyles.
Link to AbstractA stage tailored intervention (an intervention tailored to match people's changing motivations to change) appears to be more effective than a non-stage tailored intervention for reducing alcohol use among people with high levels of drinking and low initial motivation to change.
Link to AbstractHigh levels of adult drinking and lax national alcohol control policies are associated with high levels of alcohol use among adolescents.
Link to AbstractMotivational enhancement therapy (MET) appears to increase alcohol abstinence in patients with chronic hepatitis C, alcohol use disorders and ongoing alcohol use.
Link to AbstractBupropion might reduce methamphetamine use in people who use methamphetamine less than daily, but the evidence remains inconclusive.
Link to AbstractDecreases in the price of pure heroin in the United States and increases in market concentration of Colombian-source/type heroin are associated with increased hospital admissions for heroin-related overdose.
Link to AbstractBipolar adolescents with comorbid cannabis use do not exhibit the same over-activation of the regions involved in emotional processing as seen in adolescents with bipolar disorder alone. These individuals may have a unique type of bipolar disorder or cannabis use may alter brain activation uniquely in bipolar disorder patients who use cannabis.
Link to AbstractWithin a 2-year time-frame, problematic use of computer games appears to be a less stable behaviour than reported previously and not related systematically to negative changes in the gamers' lives.
Link to AbstractMulti-line games (in which players can wager on more than one line per spin) appear to be more appealing to gaming machine ('slots') players than single-line games. Multi-line games may be particularly absorbing for people with gambling problems.
Link to AbstractDifferences in past smoking behaviour may largely explain the regional differences in all-cause mortality existing in 2008-10 in Poland, and its trends since 1991-1993.
Link to AbstractMotivational interviewing by lay counsellors to promote smoking cessation in tuberculosis patients in South Africa approximately doubled sustained smoking abstinence for at least 6 months compared with brief advice alone.
Link to AbstractAlcohol retailers in the United Kingdom appear to respond to increases in alcohol tax by undershifting their cheap products (raising prices below the level of the tax increase) and overshifting their expensive products (raising prices beyond the level of the tax increase), reducing the beneficial impact of tax policies on high-risk drinkers.
Link to AbstractAmong European adolescents, being able to name a favourite alcohol advertisement is associated with increased likelihood of initiating binge drinking in the following year.
Link to AbstractIn Estonia in 2008-09 most autopsies of people aged 25-54 showed evidence of alcohol-related pathology but the death records failed to capture the scale and nature of those pathologies.
Link to AbstractGenes appear to play a significant role in individual differences in the propensity to experience a hangover and of being resistant to hangover at a given level of alcohol use
Link to AbstractThe introduction of the Alcohol Act in Scotland in 2011 was associated with a decrease in total off-trade alcohol sales in Scotland, largely driven by reduced off-trade wine sales.
Link to AbstractA patient's decision to stop taking medications during alcohol treatment appears to happen during a weeks-long process of disengagement from treatment. Patients who discontinue medications early in treatment or without medical consultation are typically those who drink more frequently and more heavily.
Link to AbstractParticipation in methadone maintenance treatment appears to be highly protective against hepatitis C infection among illicit drug users.
Link to AbstractYears of cocaine use may be more closely related to cocaine cue and response inhibition brain activation than cocaine dependence diagnosis or amount of recent use.
Link to AbstractRecent cocaine use is associated with an increased risk for sudden cardiovascular death in people aged 15-49 years.
Link to AbstractThe use of online social networking sites is potentially addictive. Compulsive online social networking use seems to be connected to poor emotion regulation skills and heightened susceptibility to addiction more generally.
Link to AbstractFamily characteristics and expenditure on public health at a national level may play a key role in prevalence of problem gambling among adolescents in Europe.
Link to AbstractIn homeless smokers, quitting smoking may be associated with reduced alcohol consumption but not with a substantial change in other drug use.
Link to AbstractIn the United States, smoking menthol cigarettes appears to be associated with reduced success at quitting smoking, especially in African American women.
Link to AbstractBoth genetic and individual-specific environmental factors contribute to comorbidity between borderline personality features and substance use disorders. A substantial proportion of this comorbidity can be attributed to genetic variation in normal personality traits.
Link to Abstract
